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The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
by Shirley Gregor
組員 : 602530036 簡郁珊 602530030 蔡孟如
602556017 楊宗承
指導教授 : 洪新原教授
102 年 9 月
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
大綱
Abstract
introduction
在理論中不同的觀點
Classifying theory in IS
Five types of theory in IS
摘要摘要
目的 四種不同觀點的理論
generalization
prediction
explanation
causality
四種分類資訊系統理論的方式
analysis
prescription
prediction
explanation
五種理論類型的區分
theory for design and action
theory for explaining and predicting
theory for predicting
theory for explaining
theory for analyzing
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
LOGO
介紹
介紹
What is theory
Definition of theory
the nature of theory
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹
Concept
Constructs
Operational definitionVariable
Proposition vs
hypothesis
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
Theory elements
介紹思考知識或理論架構可能出現的問題譬如 :What is theory? 什麼是理論How is theory constructed?
理論是如何構成的
而這些問題被歸類為四個互相關聯的類別
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹
Text
Domain questions.
Epistemological questions
Structural or ontological questionsSocio-political
questions
四種問題的類別
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹
Domain questions. 領域問題
What are the core problems or topics of interest? 核心問題或感興趣的話題是什麼
What are the boundaries of the discipline? 學科的界線是什麼
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹
Structural or ontological questions. 結構或本體論的問題
What is theory? 什麼是理論How is this term understood in
the discipline? 學科是如何理解這個術語
How is theory expressed? 如何表達理論
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹Ontological是由實體 (entities) 、屬性 (attributes) 、以及關聯 (relations) 三個概念組成
實體 entities
關係 relations
屬性 arreibutes
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹
Ontology廣義 :An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization
其他重要性定義1. Shared conceptualization
2. logical theory
介紹
Ontology 是共享概念模型的形式化規範說明，該定義有四層含義
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
1.• Conceptualization
2.• Explicit
3.• Formal
4.• share
介紹
Epistemological questions. 知識論的問題
How is theory constructed? 理論是如何構成的
How can scientific knowledge be acquired? 如何獲得科學知識
What research methods can be used? 什麼研究方法可以使用
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹
Epistemological探討知識的本質、起源和範圍的一個哲學分支
目的the nature of knowledge
the extent or scope of knowledge
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹先驗知識僅憑推理得到的知識，而不受直接或間接經驗的影響( 經驗 : 指通過感官對世界的觀察 )後驗知識知識的得來和證實需要藉助經驗，又稱經驗性知識
知識論的核心問題之一為是否存在先驗綜合知識
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹
知識架構圖
knowledge is justified true belief 知識是「証明為真的信念」
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
介紹
Socio-political questions. 社會政治問題
Where and by whom has theory been developed? 理論在哪 , 由誰所開發
How is knowledge applied? 知識如何應用
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
LOGO
在理論中不同的觀點
在理論中不同的觀點
Generalization Data is form the foundation for theoretical
development.
The notion of prediction entails some conception of generality.
In order to predict what will happen in the
future, we need a generalization that includes future events.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在理論中不同的觀點
Causality The idea of causality, or the relation
between cause and event, is central to many conceptions of theory.
The ability to make predictions from theory can depend on knowledge of causal connections.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
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在理論中不同的觀點
Four prominent approaches to the analysis of event causation can be distinguished (see Kim 1999):
Regularity (or nomological) analysis. Counterfactual analysis. Probabilistic causal analysis. Manipulation or teleological causal
analysis.
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在理論中不同的觀點
Regularity (or nomological) analysis Universal regularity gives rise to
universal or covering laws.
“There are some causes, which are entirely uniform and constant in producing a particular effect; and no instance has ever been found of any failure or irregularity in their operation” (Hume 1748, p. 206).
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在理論中不同的觀點
Counterfactual analysis Under this approach, what makes an
event a cause of another is the fact that if the cause had not occurred, the event would not have (the cause is a necessary condition).
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在理論中不同的觀點
Probabilistic causal analysis There are other causes, which have
been found more irregular and uncertain; nor has rhubarb always proved a purge, or opium a soporific to everyone, who has taken these medicines.
This view is thought to be suited to the social sciences, where the lack of a closed system and the effects of many extraneous influences make other analysis difficult to undertake.www.themegallery.com
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在理論中不同的觀點
Manipulation causal analysis. In this view, a cause is an event or state
that we can produce at will, or otherwise manipulate to bring about a certain other event as an effect.
This analysis relies on an everyday understanding of a cause as an act by an intentional agent, for example, flicking a switch causes a light to turn on.
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在理論中不同的觀點
Explanation In scientific research, explanation is one of
the purposes of research. An explanation is a set of statements
constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts.
Explanation is a way to uncover new knowledge, and to report relationships among different aspects of studied phenomena.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在理論中不同的觀點
Prediction A prediction or forecast is a statement
about the way things will happen in the future, often but not always based on experience or knowledge.
Theories can aim at predictions, which allow the theory both to be tested and to be used to guide action.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
理論的建構程序
A central question for this essay is how to construct a classificatory scheme for theories in Information Systems
The method for classifying theory for IS proposed here begins with the primary goals of the theory.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
理論的建構程序
歸納法理論建構流程 確定研究問題，界定範圍 建利概念性或理論的結構 將概念操作化，建立待驗證的假說 設計方法蒐集資料，檢定假說 分析檢驗做出結論 確定結論的適用範疇即可能限制
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
LOGO
Classifying theory in IS
分辨歸納在資訊系統中的理論
分辨歸納在資訊系統中的理論分辨歸納在資訊系統中的理論
analysis & description
explanation prediction prescription
The four primary goals of theory discerned are
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
分辨歸納在資訊系統中的理論Components of theories across the
taxonomy
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分辨歸納在資訊系統中的理論
Some components of theory are necessary for other components.
Each theory must have some means of representation (include words, either spoken or written, mathematical symbols, operators from symbolic logic, diagrams, graphs, and other pictorial devices.)
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
分辨歸納在資訊系統中的理論A single concept can have more than
one physical representation: for example, the mathematical symbol “=” represents the same concept as the words “is equal to.”
Each theory must also have constructs, which refer to the entities (physical phenomena or abstract theoretical terms) that the theory concerns.
All the other components of theory depend on these basic components.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
LOGO
Five type of theory in IS
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
資訊系統理論的五種型態
B
E
C
D
A
Theory for analyzing
Theory for explaining
Theory for predicting
Theory for desing and
action
Theory for explaining and
predicting
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型There is some variation within each
theory type, with different types of work depending on the focus of work undertaken and the scope of the theory.
The classification is dependent on the main or primary goals of the theory, rather than goals that are present only to a minor degree.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
Type I: Theory for Analyzing Analyze & state “what is”. The most basic type of theory. They describe or classify specific
dimensions or characteristics of individuals, groups, situations, or events by summarizing the commonalities found in discrete observations.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
Type I: Theory for Analyzing Theory that describes and analyses is
valuable, as stated above, when little is known about some phenomena.
Any evidence gathered would be expected to have credibility.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
Type I: Theory for Analyzing
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
Type II: Theory for Explaining This type of theory explains primarily
how and why some phenomena occur. Explanations of how, when, where, and
why events occurred may be presented, giving rise to process-type theory.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
Type III: Theory for Predicting These theories are able to predict outcomes
from a set of explanatory factors, without explaining the underlying causal connections between the dependent and independent variables in any detail.
The focus of the theoretical model could be on prediction
Reasons to justify the ascription of causality in regularity relationships might not yet have been uncovered.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
Type III: Theory for Predicting
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
Type III: Theory for Predicting Associated research approaches include
statistical techniques such as correlation or regression analysis and data mining.
The existence of regularities or correlations between two variables does not necessarily imply a causal relationship.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
Type IV: Theory for Explaining and Predicting (EP Theory) This type of theory says what is, how, why,
when, and what will be. EP theory implies both understanding of
underlying causes and prediction, as well as description of theoretical constructs and the relationships among them.
Many research methods can be used to investigate aspects of the EP theory type.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
Type IV: Theory for Explaining and Predicting (EP Theory)
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
Type V: Theory for Design and Action This type of theory says how to do something. It is about the principles of form and function,
methods, and justificatory theoretical knowledge that are used in the development of IS (Gregor 2002a; Gregor and Jones 2004; Walls et al. 1992).
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
Type V: Theory for Design and Action
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型Interrelationships among Theory
Types
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
LOGO
Concluding remarks
結論完成研究的程序
Combinations of four goals lead to the five types of theory
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
LOGO
補充資料
補充資料
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
Classification of articles in MIS Quarterly and Information Systems Research (March 2003 – June 2004)
在 MIS 季刊和資訊系統研究中，文章的分類Theory Type Frequency of Occurrence
1.Analysis 3
2.Explanation 4
3.Prediction 1
4.Explanation and prediction (EP)
33
5.Design and action 9
Total 50
補充資料
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
6%8%
2%
66%
18%
Classification of articles in MIS Quarterly and Information Systems
Research
Analysisexplanationpredictionexplanation&predictiondesign&action
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型Application of the Taxonomy
The taxonomy was used to classify 50 research articles in two leading journals to demonstrate its applicability
Issues of MIS Quarterly and Information Systems Research from March 2003 to June 2004 were used as the source of the articles.
All articles except issues and opinions, review articles, and research essays were included in the classification process.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型Classification was performed by the author
and a junior researcher independently, using the distinguishing attributes in Table 2 as the primary basis for decisions to assign an article to one of Types I to V.
The purpose of this classification activity was not to determine the relative frequency of publication of different theory types, but to test on a small scale whether the classification schema is (1) exhaustive, (2) understandable, and (3) does not have unnecessary categories.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型The activity showed that the schema
appears to be exhaustive: no papers were found that could not be classified under the schema
The decision rules to allocate theory to a category appear to be understandable, as the junior researcher was able to apply them independently and arrive at similar conclusions to the author.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
在資訊系統中的五種理論類型The question arises as to whether the Type
III category is really necessary.
Only one article was found with theory that fell into category III: prediction without causal explanation.
It is believed that this category should be retained, even if instances in this class are few, both for analytic completeness and as it is a type of theory recognized by a number of authors.
The Nature of Theory in Information Systems
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