logic art and science of critical thinking prof. simeon c. bernados, jr. chair, humanities, social...

LOGICArt and Science

of Critical ThinkingPROF. SIMEON C. BERNADOS, JR.

CHAIR, HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMAN KINETICSCAS, CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

VISION, MISSION, GOALS OF CTU

Mission:Mission:Provide advanced professional and technical instruction for special purposes, industrial trade, teacher education, agriculture, fishery, forestry, engineering, aeronautics and land-based programs, arts and sciences, health sciences, information technology and other relevant fields of study. It shall undertake research, production and extension services, and provide progressive leadership across the areas of specialization for global empowerment

VISION

The center of excellence The center of excellence and development in and development in research, instruction, research, instruction, production, and extension production, and extension services for progressive services for progressive leadership transcending leadership transcending global technological, global technological, business and industry-business and industry-driven education. driven education.

GOAL

Produce knowledge-based Produce knowledge-based and globally competent and globally competent human resource who are human resource who are reasonably flexible and reasonably flexible and attuned to the latest attuned to the latest technology needs; technology needs; strengthen academe and strengthen academe and industry partnership; and industry partnership; and spur effective and efficient spur effective and efficient technology management. technology management.

WHERE WHERE SHALL WE SHALL WE

PLACE PLACE ‘LOGIC’ IN ‘LOGIC’ IN

THE VMG OF THE VMG OF THE THE

UNIVERSITY?UNIVERSITY?

DEFINITION

A science and art of critical/analytical thinking

FACTORS AFFECTING ANALYTICAL

THINKING• Family upbringingFamily upbringing• Peer pressurePeer pressure• Fads and crazeFads and craze• Socio-cultural influencesSocio-cultural influences

– EducationEducation– ReligionReligion– HierarchyHierarchy

LET’S LET’S TRY. . . .TRY. . . .Romantic love is a natural Romantic love is a natural part of human experience, part of human experience,

and is therefore found in all and is therefore found in all societies, in close societies, in close

connection with marriage.connection with marriage.

In all societies, some In all societies, some people will be unhappy or people will be unhappy or depressed; therefore, rates depressed; therefore, rates of suicide will tend to be the of suicide will tend to be the same throughout the world same throughout the world

LET’S TRY. LET’S TRY. . . .. . .

WHAT CAN BE WHAT CAN BE SAID OF THE TWO SAID OF THE TWO

STATEMENTS?STATEMENTS?

ImplicationsImplications•Logical thinking is vital to man’s existence

•It is essential for the development of the human mind

Without the intellect:

1.Man will be devoid of morality.2.Man will be just be any plain animal.

LET’S TRY THIS. . .

•I believe that there is God because the Bible says so.

•Doctors say that exercise is good. Therefore, everybody must exercise.

•I believe that nothing is impossible with God. Therefore, God can tell a lie.

Say something about the following Say something about the following statements below.statements below.

SOME MORE. . . •Students should be allowed to open Students should be allowed to open

their books during examinations. their books during examinations. After all, surgeons have X-rays to After all, surgeons have X-rays to help them during operations, help them during operations, engineers have blueprints to guide engineers have blueprints to guide them during construction, and them during construction, and teachers have books when they do teachers have books when they do prepare their lessons. Why do prepare their lessons. Why do students are not allowed to open students are not allowed to open their books during examinations?their books during examinations?

WHAT IS LOGIC THEN?

•ORGANON (Aristotle)•The science of principles, laws, and methods which the mind of man in its thinking must follow for the accurate and secure attainment of truth (Bittle, 1950)

Hence:

Logic = tool for the accurate and secure attainment of truth.

Note: Therefore, the mind Note: Therefore, the mind must be freed from all must be freed from all prejudices or biases.prejudices or biases.

What does it What does it mean to be mean to be OBJECTIVE?OBJECTIVE?Any Mental

Teasers?

BLUE

This is . . .

THIS THIS IS. . .IS. . .

RED

THIS THIS IS. . .IS. . .

YELLOW

THIS THIS IS. . .IS. . .

GREEN

this is . . .

WHITE

this is. . .

BLACKBLACK

this is . . . .

BROWNBROWN

This is . . .

ORANGEORANGE

FORMAL & MATERIAL LOGIC: DISTINGUISHED

TrustworthinessTrustworthiness

Truth, andTruth, andCertaintyCertainty

Material LOGICMaterial LOGIC

of the statements of the statements involved in thinking. involved in thinking.

FOR INSTANCE:

Every cat is an animal;Every cat is an animal;Every tiger is an animal;Every tiger is an animal;Therefore, every tiger is cat.Therefore, every tiger is cat.

BUT. . .

Every cat is an animal;Every cat is an animal;Every carabao is an Every carabao is an animal;animal;Therefore, every Therefore, every carabao is cat.carabao is cat.

Material Argument

can then be:•CORRECT•WRONG

LOGICALLY WRONG

•The carabao is flying.•The birds are singing.•Love is blind.•The ship plows the sea.

FORMAL LOGIC

Every animal is Every animal is vertebrate;vertebrate;Every cabbage is animal;Every cabbage is animal;Ergo, every cabbage is Ergo, every cabbage is vertebrate.vertebrate.

Note: The argument presupposes Note: The argument presupposes that cabbages are animalsthat cabbages are animals

thusFormal logic does not Formal logic does not concern itself with the concern itself with the

things in reality, but only things in reality, but only with the structure of the with the structure of the

argument.argument.

Formal logic is said to be:

•VALID•INVALID

Example:

““My son, don’t marry that woman. My son, don’t marry that woman. Her family is of ill-repute. The Her family is of ill-repute. The mother is a prostitute and the father mother is a prostitute and the father is a drug lord. Will a tree bear fruit is a drug lord. Will a tree bear fruit not of its own kind?”not of its own kind?”

THAT’S ALL FOLKS !!!THAT’S ALL FOLKS !!!

1. The mission of CTU is to provide ______ professional and technical instruction.

2. It shall undertake _____, production, and extension services. . .

3. Its vision is to be center of ______ and ______ in its 4 mandated functions.

4. The 4 mandated functions were: research, ______, production, and extension services.

EXAM 1

5. The type of leadership envisioned by the university is ________ leadership.

6. The university aimed to produce _______ and ______ competent human resource.

7. Its developed human resource is _____ latest technology.

8. It is the mission of the university to undertake its mandated functions for ______ empowerment.

9. Another goal of CTU is _____ academe and industry_____.

10. Furthermore, it shall spur ___ and ____ technology management.

Identify1. It is alternatively defined as the study of correct and

valid reasoning.2. It is a type of logic which deals on the trustworthiness,

truth and certainty of statements.3. The type of logic that studies on the structure of

reasoning.4. An ancient philosopher who defined logic as n Organon.

Which of the ff is logically acceptable? Write A, if acceptable, NA, if otherwise.5. They pitched camp at the foot of the

mountain.6. The concert was filled with sea of people.7. CTU is a developing university.8. Man is a rational animal.9. The desert longs for running water.10. She is the star of the show.