light and color syllabus cynthia martone james c. lopresto
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INTRODUCTION
• Quiz every Thursday
• Labs (class exercises)
• Power Point Presentations (30 minutes)
• Final Exam (as Scheduled)
POWER POINT TOPICS• Telescopes• Cameras• Lasers• Holograms• Stimulated Emission• The Interferometer• Color Science• Microscopes• Black Body Radiation• The Green Flash• Rainbows, Halos and Sundogs• Total Internal Reflection• The Solar Spectrum• The Pinhole Camera• The Human Eye• Corrective Procedures for Improving Eyesight (Glasses, contacts, sunglasses,
surgical corrections)
Introduction to Subject Matter
• LIGHT (Packet of Energy, photon)
• FOUR FORCES IN NATURE (Strong Nuclear – gluon, Electromagnetic – photon, Weak Nuclear – Intermediate Vector Bosons, Gravity – Graviton (gravity waves)
• LIGHT (wave and “massless particle”
Inverse Square Law of Light
• Light Sources look dimmer the farther away they are
• Intensity = 1/ (distance)2
• Standard Candles
LIST OF COLOR BANDS Electromagnetic Radiation
• GAMMA RAYS
• X-RAYS
• ULTRAVIOLET
• VISIBLE
• INFRARED
• MICROWAVE
• RADIO
NATURAL WORLD EMITS ALL WAVELENGTHS
• Effects of Light on Humans (radiation)Gamma Rays (deadly)X-Rays (deadly)UV (suntan, sunburn)IR ( skin can detect IR)Microwaves and Radio Waves
Long Term exposure, Cell phones and Power Lines?
COMBINATION OF COLORS
• (NOT COLORS IN SCIENTIFIC SENSE)
pink!!!!
brown
black
white
many others!!!!!!
Wavelength and Frequency
• Wavelength
• Frequency
• Speed of Light
c = λ ν = wavelength x frequency
sometimes frequency denoted by f
WAVES• Transverse Waves
• Water Waves• Wave Properties, wavelength, frequency• Longitudinal Waves
• Sound Waves
Maxwell Equations of Electromagnetic Theory
• Maxwell’s Equations• Spatial variation of the electric field is equal to
the temperal variation of the magnetic field.• Spactial variation of the magnetic field is equal
to the temperal variation of the electric field• The divergence of the magnetic field is zero (no
magnetic poles)• The divergence of the electric field is 4πρ (there
are electric charges)
Maxwell’s Equations
• Maxwell's Equations
• I. Gauss' law for electricity II. Gauss' law for magnetism III. Faraday's law of induction IV. Ampere's law
SIMPLE OPTICS
• Refraction• http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/light/rayOptics/refraction/refraction1.html
• http://www.ps.missouri.edu/rickspage/refract/refraction.html
• Snell’s LawLenses
ApertureOptical AxisFocal Length
http://freespace.virgin.net/gareth.james/virtual/Optics/Lens/lens.html
Inverted ImageAberrations
Spherical AberrationChromatic AberrationComa
REFLECTION
• Mirrors
• Aberrations
• Reflecting Telescopes
• Famous Examples
• Various Designs and Foci
• Adaptive Optics
SPECTROSCOPY
• PRISM• DISPERSION• GRATINGS• SPECTROSCOPES• SPECTROGRAPHS
Littrow SpectrographCyrney-Turner Spectrograph
FOURIER SPECTROSCOPY
THE HUMAN EYE
• The Cornea
• The Pupil
• The Lens
• The Retina
• Near Sighted
• Far Sighted
• Astigmatism
THE CAMERA
• Photographic Emulsion
• Digital Imagery and Cameras
• Camera Designs
• Porro Prisms
• FOCAL LENGTHS
• F-RATIOS and F-STOPS
Other Optical Instruments
• Magnifying Glass• Microscopes• Binoculars• Periscopes• Telephoto Lens• Fiber Optics• Thin Films• Polarizers
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
• Max Planck and the Photon
• Wein’s Displacement Law
• Black Body Radiation (perfect radiators)
• Radiation Curve for the Sun
THE SOLAR SPECTRUM
• CONTINUUM
• ABSORPTION LINES
• EMISSION LINES
• LINE PROFILES
• FLASH SPECTRUM
• WEBSITES for SOLAR SPECTRA
QUANTUM OPTICS
• ATOMS AND LIGHT
• ENERGY LEVELS
• BOHR MODEL OF ATOM
• NARROW WAVELENGTH BANDS PRODUCED BY ATOMS
• STIMULATED EMISSION
COLORS IN NATURE
• aurora
• colors in nature (other than the atmosphere)
• eclipses
• planetary nebulae filtered images
• reflection and flourencent nebulae
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