lifespan development 7-9% of ap psychology exam. development is the processes and stages of growth...
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Lifespan Development7-9% Of AP Psychology Exam
Development is the processes and stages of growth from conception across the lifespan.Development encompasses changes in physical, cognitive, moral and social behaviors.
Major Issues in Developmental
PsychologyNature v. Nurture
Robert Plomin says that no two children are born into the same family.
Continuity v. Discontinuity
Stability v. Change
Research Methods
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Cohort – sequential Cohort effect may be a problem. Cohort effect
is a result of social or political conditions for an age group and this becomes an intervening variable.
Historical Time is the independent variable
Ethical Issues with Developmental
PsychologyWhat are the required ethical concerns for
use of humans in research?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying children?
Prenatal Development
Fertilization
Watch This!
Ted Talk - Alexander Tsiaras
Conception
ZygoteBlastulaEmbryoFetus
Age of viability
Physical Developmen
t-
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Genetics-
Genotype
Phenotype
Fun with Genetics
Activity is available
Teratogens-Disease agents , drugs and other environment agents that can cause
birth defects during the prenatal period.
ExamplesThe Mind #12 5 mins
The Mind#12 Teratogens
13mins#13 Cababilities of a
Newborn4 mins
Design a Kid ActivityWhat will your child look like?
Click icon to add picture
Infancy
Physical DevelopmentGrowth Rate declines during infancy but is faster
than any post natal period
Neo-Natal Reflexes such as: Babinski (big toe moves toward the top surface of the foot and the
other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked)
Moro (startle reflex)
Grasping, Stepping, Rooting, Licking, Pursing Withdrawal from pain
Maturation and/or Learning These combine to replace reflexes around 2 months of
age
Critical (now referred to as sensitive) period Optimal (best) time for development of certain capacities
EAS Temperament Survey
available in Myers’ ancillary (delete if not available)
Temperament –basic style of interacting with your world. May be termed as disposition.
These are believed to be biological in origin and relatively consistent. (Thomas and Chess, 1977) Easy Difficult Slow-to-Warm
Take the provided survey and wait for instruction of how to score your own responses.
EAS Temperament Survey, Buss and Plomin, measures three temperament dimensions: activity, emotionality and sociability.
To score the surveyREVERSE the number you placed in front of
these items 6, 18 and 19 (5=1, 4=2, 3=3, 2=4 and 1=5)
Activity= 2, 7, 10, and 17
Sociability= 1, 6, 15 and 20
Emotionality= Distress=4, 9, 11 and 16 Fearfulness=3, 12, 14 and 19 Anger=5, 8, 13 and 18
Social Development
Does an individual have someone (something) that brings comfort during distress?
Attachment
Classic Studies: Harry Harlow - Contact Comfort Monkey Love John Bowlby – Attachment attachment 5 mins Mary Ainsworth - Strange Situation Test strange situation test 4 mins
Ainsworth expanded on Bowlby’s work
Attachment – a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1969)
Bowlby suggests the characteristics of attachment (1969): Safe haven, secure base, proximity maintenance,
separation distress
Ainsworth used Strange Situation Test to identify styles of attachment (1970s):
Secure
Ambivalent (anxious/resistant)
Avoidant
Disorganized/disoriented/insecure (added later by Main and Soloman, 1986)
Just an additional note:
Separation anxiety – emotional distress in many infants when they are separated from people whom they have formed an attachment. Peaks around 14-18 months and then declines.
Stranger Anxiety –distress that young children experience when they are exposed to people who are unfamiliar to them. Infants can begin to experience stranger anxiety as young as six months of age, but it usually begins somewhere between eight and nine months of age. Peaks around 12-15 months and declines.
Cognitive Development
Preference for face-like patterns
Visual Cliff
Language
MemoryWhat are babies thinking? Ted Talks
The Mind
#14 Cognitive Development 7mins
The Mind scroll to #14
Childhood
Activities:Decades of Life
Decades of Life
For each of the following “decades of life,” list three terms, phrases or impressions you have of that decade.
Place the letter H next to the decade that you think is, will be or has been the hardest.
Place the letter E next to the decade that you think is, will be or has been the easiest.
0-9 30-39 60-69 90-99
10-1940-49 70-79 100-109
20-2950-59 80-89 100-119
Physical Development
Brain development
Growth rate continues to declineFine motor skills (slower)
ExamplesGross motor skills (rapid)
Examples
Social Development
Rouge test 3 mins
Gender Identity
Baby X Studies Gender Role Gender Typing Gender Scheme Theory
Egocentrism- Do you have a brother? Does your brother have a brother? Theory of Mind
Cognitive DevelopmentLearning
Associations (Piaget)Rewards (Skinner)Modeling (Bandura)
LanguageRepresent world with symbols“Learn to read”
Thinking SkillsInformation Processing
Maturation vs. Learning
Maturation vs. Training
Complete the assignment to distinguish maturation and learning (training).
Work with your “family unit” as you did the design-a-kid activity.
Think about the development of your “child”
We will discuss this shortly.
AdolescenceWho am I?
Who Am I?
List 10 descriptive phrases that explain who you think you are.
What is the biggest developmental task in adolescence?
Theories of Adolescence
G. Stanley HallStorm and Stress
Topics of Discussion (next slide)
Margaret MeadSelf-fulfilling Prophesy
Family ConflictsPercentage of Male and Female Adolescents Rating Issues as Leading to Family Conflict
Eating dinner with family 19.4
Arguing 15.8
Church attendance 15.6
Going around with certain boy or girl 15.3
Being home enough 15.3
Getting to use the car 13.3
Understanding each other 11.4
Responsibility at home 11.2
Reference:
Kinloch, G. C. Parent-youth conflict at home. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1970, 40(4), 661. Copyright 1970 by the American Orthopsychiatric Association, Inc.
Have things really changed?
Margaret Mead
Self-fulfilling Prophesy
Physical Development
Puberty
Adolescent Brain
Reading
Beautiful Brains
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/10/teenage-brains/dobbs-text
Social Development
Bonds with peers
Dating
Personal Fable
Major task of Identity FormationWho am I?Erik Erikson
Cognitive Development
Capability of logical, hypothetical and abstract thinking
Development of introspection
Growing awareness of one’s own mental processMetacognition
Are you ready to be a parent?
Adult and Later Years
The Decades of Life
Complete (if needed) the decades of life to consider what you think it will be like to be an “adult”
We will share in a few minutes.
Research Design
Research Design
Cross sectional
Longitudinal
Cohort sequential
Physical Changes
Abilities peak and begin a gradual decline
Women undergo menopause (hormonal and reproductive changes)
Men may undergo some sort of “change” themselves
Social Changes
Mate selection
Parenting (pre-parenting, parenting and Empty-Nest Syndrome)
Career Selection
Identity Crisis (“mid-life” crisis or “middle age crazy”)
Cognitive Changes
Reaction times appear to slow
Decline in memory
IntelligenceFluid- innate abilities independent of
experienceExample
Crystallized- knowledge acquired through education and experienceExample
Later Years
Physical Changes
General decline in muscle tone and physical abilities
Longevity
Health and Age
Sensory, Motor and Nervous Systems
Social Changes
Retirement
Social isolation
Cognitive Changes
Declines continue
Memory- changes observed in secondary memory (the learning of new material)
Fluid Intelligence shows minor decline with age
Terminal Drop –a drop in physical and biological functioning that precedes death by about 5 years
Dementia- progressive decline in memory, intellectual abilities often accompanied with personality changes (5-15% of adult population)
Alzheimer’s
The Mind
#16 Aging and Cognitive development
Learner.org
#17 Aging and memory
#19 Alzheimer’s
Theories of DevelopmentPiaget, Vygotsky, Bruner, Kohlberg, Erikson, Kubler-Ross
Jean PiagetCognitive Development
Lev Vygotsky
Sociocultural or Social Development Theory (1920s)
Children acquire most of their culture’s cognitive skills and problem solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more experienced members of their society. (Weiten, p 437) Zone of proximal development- the gap between
what the learner can accomplish alone and what can be achieved with guidance from a skilled partner.
Scaffolding – when assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses
Lev Vygotsky
Intro 4 mins
3 mins on ZPD scaffolding
Differs from Piaget More emphasis on culture More emphasis on social factors More emphasis on the role of language
Current Application of Vygotsky
“Reciprocal teaching” improves students’ ability to learn
Teachers and students collaborate in learning and practicing four key skills Summarizing Questioning Clarifying Predicting Do you see this method in your schooling?
Jerome Bruner
Elaborated on Piaget and Vygotsky’s ideas
Like Vygotsky, stressed social interaction in development
Unlike Piaget (who thought language was a tool which reflects our cognitive structures), believed that language can speed up cognitive development
Modes of representation- a way of thinking about knowledge at different ages
Jerome Bruner
Bruner 2:30 Impact of Bruner's thinking
According to Jerome Bruner, instructors should try to encourage students to discover principles by themselves.
Instructors and students should engage in active dialog.
Instructors should try to translate information to be learned into a format appropriate to the learner’s current state of understanding.
Spiral manner- curriculum presented in a manner where students build on what they have learned (spiraling)
Do you see this in your educational process?
Theories of Cognitive Development
Look for a way to remember details of these theories
Made a mnemonic perhaps
Put the ideas into your own words
Make comparisons/contrasts of details of theories
Recall key terms
You can do it!
Sigmund FreudPsychosexual Stages of
Development Stages:
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
Erik EriksonLifespan Development
Erikson
psych files mnemonic for Erikson's stages
Lawrence KohlbergMoral Development
Carol Gilligan
A student of Kohlberg
Disagreed with Kohlberg on the basis of a bias against women
See Handout
Diana BaumrindParenting Styles
The most heavily research aspect of parenting has been how parents seek to control their children.
Investigators have identified three parenting styles Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative **** (Too hard, too soft, just
right)
Elisabeth Kubler-RossStages of Death and
DyingStages of Grief
D
A
B
D
A
Also referred to as Stages of Grief
Children and Death
Kubler Ross and children
3 mins
Have you got all of this?
Figure out a way to learn all of the terms
Figure out what is the best way for you to remember
all of the theories
Expect a Free response question to apply theory
to a new situation
(See sample FRQ)
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