levels of categorization
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Levels of
Categorization
Week 5
thingvehiclecarMazdaMazda 3i Sedan
more specific
thingvehiclecarMazdaMazda 3i Sedan
more specific
In everyday life (e.g., when describing an accident), which level would you typically use?
more specific
ScientificClassification:
Biology
Tzeltal Plant Classification
plant 1
broad-leafed plant, etc. 4
bean, etc. 471
common bean, etc. 273
red common bean, etc. 8
number ofcategories
Tzeltal Plant Classification
plant 1
broad-leafed plant, etc. 4
bean, etc. 471
common bean, etc. 273
red common bean, etc. 8
number ofcategories
Most numerousMost commonly known
Tzeltal Plant Classification (p. 68)
plant
tree, vine, grass, broad-leafed plant
pine, …, bean, etc.
common bean, etc.
red common bean, etc.
Not in superordinate level!Inclusion in generic level reflectsits cultural importance.
preferred (i.e., most natural)
cognitive perspective
x
Tzeltal Plant Classification
plant 1
broad-leafed plant, etc. 4
bean, etc. 471
common bean, etc. 273
red common bean, etc. 8
number ofcategories
How many levelsdo you typically usewhen talking about plants?
Basic Level
ANIMAL
DOG
POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND
superordinate level
basic level
subordinate level
Basic Level
ANIMAL
DOG
POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND
superordinate level
basic level
subordinate level
Includes things that are very different
Includes things that are very similar
Basic Level
ANIMAL
DOG
POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND
superordinate level
basic level
subordinate level
Includes things that are very different
Includes things that are very similar
Maximizes similarity withinthe category and differencewith other categories
Basic Level
ANIMAL
DOG
POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND
superordinate level
basic level
subordinate level
Includes things that are very different
Includes things that are very similar
Maximizes similarity withinthe category and differencewith other categories
Basic Level
ANIMAL
DOG
POODLE, DACHSUND, GREYHOUND
superordinate level
basic level
subordinate level
Includes things that are very different
Includes things that are very similar
Maximizes similarity withinthe category and differencewith other categories
Cognitive economy: The most information for the least effort
Basic Level
DOG basic level
Maximizes similarity withinthe category and differencewith other categories
Cognitive economy: The most information for the least effort
In terms of a Gestalt, this level is distinctive in terms of its shape.
Basic Level
DOG basic level
Maximizes similarity withinthe category and differencewith other categories
Cognitive economy: The most information for the least effort
In terms of a Gestalt, this level is distinctive in terms of its shape.
At this level, there’s a distinctive behavior and a distinctive type of interaction with human beings.
Which level is easier to mime?
superordinate level (clothing)
basic level (hat)
subordinate level (types of hats)
Basic Level
basic level* The basic level can be more specificif the item is more important in the culture.
Levels of Categorization and Prototypes
basic level
At this level, the prototypes are most fully developed.(This is why they function as they do.)
This level reflects our typical experience and interaction with the world.
Levels of Categorization and Prototypes
superordinate level deficient
No underlying gestalt (can’t be visualized)
Gestalt features must be borrowed from basic level.
The borrowed attributes often entail a family resemblance structure.
Levels of Categorization and Prototypes
musical instrument, furniture, vehiclepiano, horn, chair, car, bus
What do you notice about words at superordinate and basic level?
Levels of Categorization and Prototypes
musical instrument, furniture, vehiclepiano, horn, chair, car, bus
What do you notice about words at superordinate and basic level?
simpler words
In L1A, these words are learned first.
Levels of Categorization and Prototypes
Characteristics of the parts are different.
clothingdress, hat, pants
baseball cap, hardhat, beret
Share general function (e.g., covering body) but have different parts
Levels of Categorization and Prototypes
Subordinate level: It’s hard for a non-specialist to identify a prototype (e.g., a prototype of a “hardhat” for example.)
clothingdress, hat, pants
baseball cap, hardhat, beret
Levels of Categorization and Prototypes
Subordinate level: Most features are borrowed from the basic level.
clothingdress, hat, pants
baseball cap, hardhat, beret
Levels of Categorization and Prototypes
toyball, bat, dice
baseball, basketball, beach-ball
Superordinate level Tends to highlight an attribute (e.g., things you play with)
What’s the relationship between elements of kanji and the three levels?
radicals 花
words with a single character with a kunyomi 花
words with multiple characters that tend to have an onyomi 杜鵑花
SUPERORDINATE LEVELBASIC LEVEL
SUBORDINATE LEVEL
In Japan, what do children learn first? What kind of words tend to be scientific terms?
radicals 花
words with a single character with a kunyomi 花
words with multiple characters that tend to have an onyomi 杜鵑花
SUPERORDINATE LEVELBASIC LEVEL
SUBORDINATE LEVEL
杜鵑花
杜鵑花
Scientific Text• Perennials, (10–)30–400(–600+ in fruit) cm (sexual or apomictic); taprooted or with
branched caudices. Stems (1–10+) erect or ascending, scapiform (terete), simple (hollow), glabrous or villous proximal to heads. Leaves basal (in rosettes, erect or patent to nearly horizontal); petiolate or sessile; blades oblong to obovate or oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, runcinate or lyrate (bases cuneate to ± attenuate), margins subentire to dentate or pinnately lobed (apices rounded or obtuse to acute or acuminate, faces glabrous or glabrate to sparsely villous, pilose, or villosulous). Heads borne singly. Calyculi persistent, of (6–)8–18(–20) broadly ovate to lanceolate bractlets in (1–)2–3 series, distinct (appressed before flowering, recurved to spreading or reflexed in fruit), unequal (shorter than phyllaries, margins scarious, ciliate or not, apices corniculate, callous, or either). Involucres campanulate to cylindro-campanulate or urceolate to cylindric, 8–40 mm diam. Phyllaries 7–25 in 2(–3) series, weakly coherent proximally in buds (interlocking folded margins), distinct later, erect (sometimes slightly spreading) in flower, closing at fruit maturation, reflexed at dispersal (exposing globes of cypselae with fully spread pappi), ± equal, herbaceous, glabrous; inner lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margins scarious, ciliate or not, apices acuminate, sometimes corniculate, callous, or flat.
Scientific Text• Perennials, (10–)30–400(–600+ in fruit) cm (sexual or apomictic); taprooted or with
branched caudices. Stems (1–10+) erect or ascending, scapiform (terete), simple (hollow), glabrous or villous proximal to heads. Leaves basal (in rosettes, erect or patent to nearly horizontal); petiolate or sessile; blades oblong to obovate or oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, runcinate or lyrate (bases cuneate to ± attenuate), margins subentire to dentate or pinnately lobed (apices rounded or obtuse to acute or acuminate, faces glabrous or glabrate to sparsely villous, pilose, or villosulous). Heads borne singly. Calyculi persistent, of (6–)8–18(–20) broadly ovate to lanceolate bractlets in (1–)2–3 series, distinct (appressed before flowering, recurved to spreading or reflexed in fruit), unequal (shorter than phyllaries, margins scarious, ciliate or not, apices corniculate, callous, or either). Involucres campanulate to cylindro-campanulate or urceolate to cylindric, 8–40 mm diam. Phyllaries 7–25 in 2(–3) series, weakly coherent proximally in buds (interlocking folded margins), distinct later, erect (sometimes slightly spreading) in flower, closing at fruit maturation, reflexed at dispersal (exposing globes of cypselae with fully spread pappi), ± equal, herbaceous, glabrous; inner lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margins scarious, ciliate or not, apices acuminate, sometimes corniculate, callous, or flat.
Notice the heavy use of superordinate terms.
Cinderella• Once upon a time there lived an unhappy young girl. Her
mother was dead and her father had married a widow with two daughters. Her stepmother didn't like her one little bit. All her kind thoughts and loving touches were for her own daughters. Nothing was too good for them - dresses, shoes, delicious food, soft beds, and every home comfort. But, for the poor unhappy girl, there was nothing at all. No dresses, only her stepsisters’ hand-me-downs. No lovely dishes, nothing but scraps. No rest and no comfort. She had to work hard all day. Only when evening came was she allowed to sit for a while by the fire, near the cinders. That’s why everybody called her Cinderella.
Most nouns are basic level terms.
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