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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
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kçÀç@Mçáj çÆkçÀLçò Hçç@þîç HçjJç lçò uçíKçJç?
How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari?
By
M.K.Raina
Updated January 2006 -------------------------------------------------------------
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
ABOUT KASHMIRI LANGUAGE AND DEVANAGARI-KASHMIRI SCRIPT: Introduction: In olden times, Kashmiri was written in Sharada, one of the oldest scripts which was developed around 10th century. Some scholars are of the view that Sharada used to be our script for writing Sanskrit, which we subsequently used to write Kashmiri. Indo-Roman type was used for writing Kashmiri for quite some time, but it could not become popular. The Persio-Arabic script has been recognised as the official script for Kashmiri by the government. Devanagari-Kashmiri did not receive any official patronage but it continued to be used by Kashmiri Pandits as a medium of writing. However there was one lacuna. Writers used different set of diacritical marks to represent peculiar Kashmiri sounds and this resulted in chaos and confusion among the readers. In 1995, a committee of scholars agreed on adopting a particular set of diacritical marks for the peculiar Kashmiri sounds. This set of diacritical marks continued to be used in Devanagari-Kashmiri till the year 2002, when another committee of experts led by Dr. Roop Krishen Bhat, under the auspices of Northern Regional Language Centre of the Central Institute of Indian Languages (Ministry of Human Resources Development), decided to further modify some of the diacritical marks. The said Committee agreed upon a set of modified vowels and diacritical marks, leading to finalisation of the Standardised Devanagari-Kashmiri script towards end of the year 2002. This Script is now being used, or set to be used by all for uniformity in writing Kashmiri in Devanagari. The Standardised Devanagari-Kashmiri Alphabet has the following set of Vowels and Consonants: Vowels (mJçj)
Dç, Dç@, Dçò, Dçó, Dçç, Dçç@, F, F&, G, T, $çÝ, S, Sô, Sí, Dççí, Dççô, DççÌ, Dçb Dç@, Dçò, Dçó, Dçç@, Sô, and Dççô have been introduced in Kashmiri Vowels to represent the
peculiar Kashmiri sounds which are strange to Nagari. There is no place for Visarga (Dç:) in Kashmiri. ³ç and Jç are considered vowels when they represent second
members of a conjunct (as in y³çuç and KJçj )
Consonants (J³çbpçvç)
kçÀ, Kç, iç ®ç, s, pç ]®ç, æ s, ] pç ì, þ, [ lç, Lç, o, vç Hç, HçÀ, yç, cç
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
³ç, j, uç, Jç Mç, mç, n $ç There are three affricative consonants in Kashmiri which are strange to the Nagari alphabet. They are, as you see above, ]®ç, æ s and ] pç.
Kashmiri has no aspirated sonants like Iç, Pç, {, Oç and Yç. So Iççì can be written
as iççì and Yç³ç as yç³ç in Kashmiri. Similarly <ç, #ç and %ç are also not part of the
Kashmiri alphabet. They are often but not always retained in Kashmiri to write words directly borrowed from Sanskrit and Hindi. * and Cç are generally replaced by Anusvara
( b ) in Kashmiri, but can also be used to represent words borrowed from Sanskrit and
Hindi. For example, yç´cççCç[ can also be written as yç´cççb[.
Vowels (mJçj)
Dç, Dç@, Dçò, Dçó, Dçç, Dçç@, F, F&, G, T, $çÝ, S, Sô, Sí, Dççí, Dççô, DççÌ, Dç b and ³ç & Jç
(when they represent second members of a Conjunct).
We all know how to read and pronounce the Vowels which already exist in Hindi
alphabet viz:
Dç, Dçç, F, F&, G, T, $çÝ, S, Sí, Dççí, DççÌ, Dçb, -³ç, -Jç
Some illustrations using these vowels (and their matras) in Kashmiri are given here:
Dç : DçVç, DçKç, Dçjoçn, Dçþ
Dçç : DççMç, Dççiçáj, Dççsáj, Dççj
ç : jçpç, Mççcç, oçvç, Jççboáj
F : FMçìçcç, Fpçç]pçLç
çÆ : çÆkçÀpç, çÆoJçlçç, çÆyç®ççíj, çÆyçlçáj
F& : F&cççvç, F&éçj
çÇ : mççÇj, MççÇvç, lççÇj
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
G : GpçjLç, GuçHçÀLç
á : Jçás, kçÀjávç, niçáj
T : T³ç&, TvççÇ
Ó : mçÓj, ªo, kçÓÀvç
$çÝ : $çÝiJçío
= : kç=À<Cç, lç=Hlç
S : SçÆlçjç]pç
í : cçíKç, nuçíuç, cçíþ
Sí : Síyç
Ì : JçÌkçábÀþ
Dççí : Dççímç, Dççíì, DççíuçáJç
çí : iççíKç, cççíj, DçHççíj
DççÌ : DççÌMço, DççÌ]pççj
çÌ : iççÌ
Dçb : Dçbiç, jbiç
b : içboáKç, yçbovç, yççb[
-³ç : od³çKç (ÐçKç), nd³çkçÀLç (¿çkçÀLç)
-Jç : odJço (Üo), yJço, odJçKç (ÜKç)
Now, we will learn reading and pronouncing the Vowels which have specially been
introduced in the Standardised Devanagari-Kashmiri alphabet to represent some
peculiar sounds of the Kashmiri language viz:
Dç@, Dçò, Dçó, Dçç@, Sô, Dççô
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Dç@ : Dç@[ (half), vç@j (arm)
o@pç (a piece of cloth)
o@j (hard), Dç@uççÇuç (ill) kç@ÀçÆlçpç (swallow), lç@n@j (yellow rice)
iç@jçÇyççÇ (poverty), kç@ÀçÆcçmç (whom) Dçò : kç@Àoòuç (bridge), ìòKç (run)
yçò (me), cçòmçuçò (skin)
JJçuçò (come), Jççjò Jççjò (slowly)
iJç[ò (first), Kçòj (slip)
oámçò (a type of shawl)
Dçó : DçóçÆþcç, Dçóþîçácç (eighth), Kçócçò (tent) lçój (cold), oóHç cççuçç (deep mala)
içóbiçþ (veil),
KçóbKç (one who speaks through nose) Dçç@ : Dçç@mç (mouth), Dçç@j (plum)
oç@j (window), nç@j (maina)
uçç@j (cucumber), yçç@Mç (similarity)
Sô : Sônmççvç (favour), jôn (flame)
oôn (body), lçôçÆuç (then)
ñçôn (wetness), yç´ôn (sparks)
Dççô : Dççôyçáj (clouds), Dççôvç (blind)
Dççôæs (frail), kçÀçôæs (bribe)
K³ççôuç (flock)
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Let us now combine Anusvara b with @, çB, ò, ó, ô and çô : B : uçB[ (branch), DçB]pç (swan)
DçBpççÇj (fig), jBiççÇvç (coloured)
DçBÐç Hç@K³ç (around), içB]pç©vç (to count) çB : cççBLçòj (stone of the fruit)
vçççÆJç nçB]pç (boatman)
kçÀçBHçávç (to shiver), iççBþ (kite)
yççBmçáJç (made of bamboo) bò : Dçòbn-jçj³ç (to groan)
içòb[ò (scoundrel), Hçòb]®çón (twentyfive)
ób : Dçób]®çòn-Hçób]®çòn (make excuses)
kçÀóbm³çd kç@Àì (younger female child)
ô b : kçÀôbn (somethimg)
çôb : Dççôbiçòpç (finger), ]pççôbiç (fire)
mççôbyçáuç (a flower) Before proceeding further, we will have a look at the symbols and diacritical marks in Indo-Roman script, devised by ‘Project Zaan’, to represent Vowels and diacritical marks of the Devanagari-Kashmiri alphabet:
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Kashmiri in Indo-Roman Script – Vowels: Dç is represented by a
Dç@ is represented by å
Dçò is represented by û
Dçó is represented by ü
Dçç is represented by à
Dçç@ is represented by ä
F is represented by í
F& is represented by ì
G is represented by ú
T is represented by ù
$çÝ is represented by r
S is represented by è
Sô is represented by é
Sí is represented by æ
Dççí is represented by ò
Dççô is represented by ó
DççÌ is represented by au
Dçb is represented by n
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Kashmiri in Indo-Roman Script – Consonants: In the last Lesson, we learned the symbols and diacritical marks in Indo-Roman script, to represent Vowels and diacritical marks of the Devanagari-Kashmiri alphabet. In this Lesson, we will learn about those Consonants, which have varied applications in the Indo-Roman script: Kç is represented by kh
®ç is represented by ch
]®ç is represented by ts
s is represented by chh
]s is represented by tsh
]pç is represented by z
ì is represented by »
þ is represented by »h
[ is represented by º
lç is represented by t
Lç is represented by th
o is represented by d
HçÀ is represented by ph
Mç is represented by sh
$ç is represented by tr
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 1 Using Vowels in Indo-Roman Script
a sar (lake) (mçj) mas (hair) (cçmç) å ånz (swan) (DçB]pç) lånº (lame) (uçB[) ä där (window) (oç@j) lär (cucumber) (uçç@j) à yàr (friend) (³ççj) nàr (fire) (vççj) û bû (I, me) (yçò) rûs (slip) (jòmç) au aushad (medicine) (DççÌMço) daulath (wealth) (oçÌuçLç) ê rêth (month) (jd³çLç) dên (days) (Ðçvç) è dèg (cauldron) (oíiç) nèr (go) (vçíj) é réh (flame) (jôn) sréh (wetness) (ñçôn) ì sìr (secret) (çÆmçj) chìran (fat of the entrails) (çÆ®çjvç) í sír (brick) (mççÇj) vír (willow) (JççÇj) i våli (quickly) (Jç@u³çd) kåli (dumbs) (kç@Àu³çd) ô môkh (face) (cJçKç) sôn (gold) (mJçvç) ò mòr (peacock) (cççíj) sònth (spring) (mççWLç) ó dór (hard) (oçôj) kónº (thorn) (kçÀçôb[) ú kúl (tree) (kçáÀuç)
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
búsar (very hot water) (yçámçj) ù mùl (root) (cçÓuç) sùr (ashes) (mçÓj) ü tür (cold) (lçój) düph (lamp) (oóHçÀ)
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 2 Reading Words with å (Dç@)
Dç@s åchh (eye)
Dç@[ åº (half)
Dç@çÆ[pç åºíj (bone)
Dç@pççÇyç åjíb (strange)
DçB]pç ånz (swan)
kç@À]®ç kåts (how many)
kç@ÀcççÇ]pç kåmíz (shirt)
kç@ÀçÆlçpç kåtíj (swallow)
kç@ÀçÆcçmç kåmís (whom)
kç@ÀcççÇvçò kåmínû (mean)
iç@æçÆsvç gåtshín (let go)
iç@j går (watch)
iç@jçÇyççÇ gåríbí (poverty)
]pçcççÇvç zåmín (land, earth)
lç@cççÇ]pç tåmíz (manners)
lç@jçÇkçÀò tåríkû (way)
lç@n@j tåhår (yellow rice)
o@]pç dåz (burnt)
o@j dår (hard)
Hç@æsd³ç påtshi (guests)
Hç@çÆjvç pårîn (let read)
yçbmç@jçÇ bansårí (flute)
cç@s måchh (fly)
cç@ojíj mådrèr (sugar)
uç@j lår (house)
mç@oòj sådûr (sea)
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 3
Reading Words with ä (Dçç@)
Dçç@yç äb (fault)
Dçç@HçÀçÇvç äphîn (opium)
kçÀç@v³çd käni (one-eyed)
kçÀç@jçÇiçj kärîgar (skilled person)
kçÀç@HçÀçÇ käphî (plenty)
kçÀç@çÆlçuç kätíl (murderer)
Kçç@uççÇ khälî (empty)
içç@j gär (water chestnut)
pçç@çÆnuç jähíl (ignorant)
pçç@uççÇ jälî (fake)
ìç@þ »ä»h (dear)
[ç@u³çd ºäli (present)
lçç@JççÇ]pç tävîz (amulet)
oç@vç dän (pomegranate)
oç@j där (window)
Òçç@v³çd präni (old)
yçç@çÆj³çç bäríyà (wife)
yççBmç bäns (bamboo)
cçç@pç mäj (mother)
cçç@HçÀçÇ mäphî (pardon)
cççBMç mänsh (buffalo)
uçç@j lär (cucumber)
Jçç@pç väj (ring)
Jçç@³ç&áJç väryúv (in-laws’ place)
nçBkçÀuç hänkal (chain, latch)
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 4 Reading Words with û (Dçò)
yçò bû I, me
]®çò tsû you
kç@Àoòuç kådûl bridge
kçÀuçò kalû head
Kçòj khûr slip
ìòKç »ûkh run
oámçò dúsû a type of shawl
Hçvçòv³çd panûni own
cçòmçuçò mûslû problem
JJçuçò vôlû come
Jççjò Jççjò vàrû slowly
lçmçòb]pç tasûnz his, her
kçÀmçòb]pç kasûnz whose
lçánòb]pç túhûnz your
³çuçò yalû loose
Hççoò³ç& mçòn pàdûri sûh lion
[çkçÀò Jççíuç ºàkû vòl post man
Jçç]pçò vàzû cook
vçuçkçÀò Jççíuç nalkû vòl plumber
kçwJçkçÀòj kôkûr hen
mçò]®ç sûts tailor
êòkçÀ drûk leech
Jçìò va»û stigma
Dçìò a»û shoulder
Jçboò vandû winter
vçlçò natû otherwise
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 5 Reading Words with ü (Dçó)
kçÀól³çd küti how many?
kçÀbóm³çd künsi young ones
lçój tür cold
jóHçÀ rüph form
Kçócçò khümû tent
oóHçÀ düph incense
mçól³çd süti along with
içóbiçþ günga»h veil
ìóbkçw³çd »ünki money
lçóbl³çd kçÀçôj tünti kór catgut
KçóbKç khünkh one who speaks through nose
HçóbçÆ]®çcç püntsím fifth
DçóçÆþcç ü»hím eighth
HçóçÆjLç püríth bedecked
[ómç ºüs cudgel
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 6 Reading Words with é (Sô)
sô chhé is
kçÀôbn kénh something
lçôçÆuç télí then
jôn réh flame
yçôn béh sit down
³çôçÆuç yéli when
içôçÆvç géní wrinkles
MçôMçlçòj shéshtûr iron
$çô³çácç tréyúm third
Mçôl³çáuç shétyúl century
DççMçôv³çd àshéni wife
cçnçjôv³çd mahàréni bride
vçô®çáJç néchúv son
mçôkçw³çáuç sékyúl sandy Mçôiçòvçávç shégûnún to become
scorned
Hçô®çv³çd péchani paternal aunt
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 7 Reading Words with ó (Dççô)
v³ççôcç nyóm lemon
oçôj dór hard
Hççô]pç póz fact
kçÀçôj kór did
mççôcç sóm level
yççôcçJççj bómvàr tuesday
]®ççôkçÀ tsók sour
mççôvç són deep
ìîççôþ »yó»h bitter
u³ççôoáj lyódúr yellow
Lççôm³çd thósi lumps
nçônJçáj hóhvúr inlaws
oçôyç dób washerman
Hçw³ççôkçÀ phyók shoulder
nçôì hó» throat
DççôMç ósh tear
¿ççôj hyór up
Hççôn póh Posha
cççôoáj módúr sweet
lççôcçáuç tómúl rice
jçômç rós without
kçÀçôjcçálç kórmút have done
vççôcçò©vç nómûrún to bend
cççônv³çáJç móhnyúv servant
Hççô]pç póz fact
Dççôyçáj óbúr clouds
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 8 Practice in reading words
Dç@çÆ[pç aºíj bone
Dçç@[©vç äºrún to mix up
Dççôiçávç ógún fire
DçnbkçÀç@³ç& ahankäri conceited
Dçç@çÆKçLç äkhíth untrue
DçkçÀòlçç@pççÇn akûtäjîh fortyone
Dçuçòiçç@yç alûgäb unknowingly
Dççôbiçòpç óngûj finger
DçBçÆ]pçcç ånzím index finger
Dçv³çj anêr blindness
DççMçôv³çd àshéni wife
DçHçò]p³ççíj apûzyòr liar
DçmçòJçávç asûvún laughing
Dçç@çƳçpççj äyíjàr softness Dç@]p³çákçÀ åzyúk todays
Dç]pççôuç azól not burnt
Dçç@HçÀçÇvç äphîn opium
Dç[ò oçôiç aºû dóg half pounded
Dç@[îçáuç åºyúl large bone
Dçç@[ ]pçç@[ äº zäº mutual abuse
Dçç@çÆpç]pç äjíz helpless
DçKçlçá³ç akhtúy moreover
DçkçÀçíj akòr unboiled
Dç@kçw³çácç åkyúm first
Dçç@çÆuç®ç älích sour cherry
Dçuçòyçç@v³çd alûbäni plough
Dçvçònçôj anûhór unmarried
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 9 Practice in reading words
kçwJç yçáLç kô búth ugly faced
kçÀç@çÆyçuç käbíl capable
kçÀçí®çò kòchû lane
kçÀçboòjôv³çd kàndûréni baker's wife
kçÀçbiçòj kàngûr fire pot
kçÓÀçÆuçbpç kùlínj acute colic
kçÀcç®çò kamchû a whip
kçÀçBHçÀ känph trembling
Kçyçjoç@jçÇ khabardärî taking care
KJççÆpç khôjí a Khoja
KJçKçáj khôkhúr hollow
Kçòb]pçávç khûnzún to pluck
Kç@çÆjv³çd khåríni she-ass
Kççí]®çò yçá[ khòtsû búº easily terrified
Kçlçíjò khatèrû punishment
KççƳç uço khayí lad rusty
K³çá®ç khyúch obstruction
K³ççícçálç khyòmút eaten
KJçMç khôsh happy
Kç@]pçój khåzür date
i³ç@[ gyåº bunch
iJç[òv³çákçÀ gôºûnyúk first
iJçuççyç gôlàb rose
içB]pç©vç gånzrún to count
iççímçò gòsû anger
iççBþ gän»h kite
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 10 Practice in reading words
çÆ®ç®çjònçj³ç chíchrûhàray scream
®Jçiçò chôgû gown ®ç@kçw³çd chåki desire
®çç@u³çd chåli excitemen ®çç³ç&j charêr idiocity ®³çLç chêth drunk ®ççjòJççí³ç charûvòy quadruped
®ççWì chòn» chin
®çôçÆìv³çd ché»íni chutnee
sçbiçòj chhàngûr hurry sdJçKç chôkh wound sdJçcyçávç chhômbún threshing sv³çj chhanêr emptiness sjçn chharàh only
çÆs³ç&áJç chhíryúv a kind of fish
s@lçò³ç& chhatûri umbrella sçbìávç chhàn»ún to pick s@]®ç©vç chhåtsrún to whiten pçÓi³çd jùgi ascetic pçôpççÇj jéjîr hookah pçç@u³çd jäli network
pççôcç jóm Jammu
pçÓu³çd jùli a bag pçç@vççÇ jänî goodness pçÓbHçÀòj jùnphûr a hut pçÓ³ç& jùri pair pçJçç@vççÇ javänî youth
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 11 Practice in reading words
ìç@®ç »äch a kind of cap
ìá[îç »úºi rumour
ìô®çuç »échal spotted ìWiç »èng hillock ìçWiçò »òngû tumour ìÓbiç »ùng a sob ìîçKç »êkh a mere drop çÆìkçw³çáuç »íkyúl tethering peg
ìdJçbiçáj »ôngúr hand-hoe
ìWþ »èn»h self-conceit þ@çÆiçuç »hågíl cheating þ@njçJç »håhràv pause þçÇkçáÀvç »hîkún stand firmly çÆþkçÀçvçò »híkànû abode þíuçò »hèlû large bag
þb[ç@³ç »hanºäy cooling drink
þç@v³çd »häni a trap þçRþ »hîn»h all property [dJç[ ºôº one & a half [á[ò ºúºû uninvited [çbiç ºàng a mace [ç@çÆiçv³çd ºägíni a witch
[çbiçáj ºàngúr grain seller
[ôpçj ºéjar looseness [dJçkçÀò ºôkû hump-backed çÆ[cyçáj ºímbúr the belley
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 12 Practice in reading words
lççy³çd täbi dependent lçyçòj tabûr axe
çÆlçnáj tíhúr apex
çÆlçkçw³çççÆ]pç tíkyàzí because lçôçÆuç télí then lçôn téh arrogance
lçánábo túhúnd yours
lJçuçò®ç tôlûch defeat
l³çcyçj têmbar cataract Lçç@p³çd thäji dish L³çkçáÀvç thêkún to boast Lç@v³çd thåni butter
LççHçòj thàpûr slap
LJççÆmçuço thôsílad wearied
Lçuçávç thalún to trim
LJçkçÀuç thôkal spitter
Lçjò tharû trembling oáyçò dúbû upside down oçôyç dób washerman o@yç©vç dåbrún to bury oá-yççôj dú-bór two-doored
Üiçvç dôgan twofold
vçô®çáJç néchúv son vçJçjôn navréh new year vçç@çƳço näyíd barber
v³çvç&³ç nêrnay decision
vçmlçÓj nastùr flat nosed
vçç@çÆjpç näríj conduit
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 13 Practice in reading words
Hç@çÆsvç påchhín fowl Hçç©o pàrúd mercury
Hçí[ávç pèºún to ooze
Hçnçôuç pahól shepherd
HçKçò®ç pakhûch a wing
HJçuçáj pôlúr infirm
Hçcyçás pambúchh lotus nut
HçÀçBiçjò phàngrû penniless Hç@Ànçôj phåhór rough HçwJçp³çj phôjêr blossoming
Hç@ÀkçÀçÇjçÇ phåkîrî beggary
Hçw³çuç phêl boil
HçÀçÇvçò phînû froth yççôs bòchh hungry yççbyçòj bànbûr flurry yçô[yç bè ºab ill shaped
yççíoòiççÇ bòdûgî stupidity
yçç@iç©vç bägrún to divide
yç@¿çácç båhyúm twelfth
çÆyçKçç@³ç& bíkhäri beggar
y³çkçÀçíj bêkòr ugly cç@çÆ®çuç måchíl poverty cçá[ò múºû foolish cççb[ávç mànºún to knead cçôncççvçoç@jçÇ méhmàndärî hospitality
cçç@pç mäj mother
cJçKççmç môkhàs by rote
cçákçÀç@u³çd múkäli a blow
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 14 Practice in reading words
³ççôoJç³ç yódvay although
³Jçiç yôg age of world
³ççÇçÆkçÀuç yîkíl cross beam
³çbiçáj yangúr charcoal burner
³ççv³çd yàni as soon as
³çôçÆuç yéli when
³çHççíj yapòr this side
³ç@]pçcçvç yåzman priest’s client
jç@s råchh watch
jçb[ò rànºû rascal
jçpçáLç ràjúth king-hood
jçK³çámç ràkhyús demon
çÆjçÆkçÀv³çd ríkíni slip
juçò ralû mixed jóHçÀ rüph form
uçyçáj labúr high ground
uçç®çç@jçÇ làchärî helplessness
uççovç làdan kindly help
uçôojíj lédrèr yellowness
uç[ç@³ç laºäy quarrel
u³çKç lêkh indecent abuse
J³çyçÓLç vêbùth riches
J³çsj vêchhar fatness
JJçoáj vôdúr belley
Jç@oòj vådûr iron clamp
J³çiçuçávç vêglún to melt
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 15 Practice in reading words
Mççíiçò shògû green pigeon
Mçôiçvç shégan six fold
Mçá¿ç uço shúhi lad frost bitten
MçWKç shènkh conch shell
çÆMçkçÀç@³ç& shíkäri hunter
Mçôs shéchh message
MçÓyç shùb splendour
éçyç shôb auspiciousness
çÆMçvçç@³ç shínäy destruction
mççb®çò sànchû mould
mçoçn sadàh sound
mççoKç sàdakh magician
mçç@êJççj sädrûvàr fresh
mç@iç©vç sågrún to sprinkle
mJçiçò sôgû cheap
mçKçj sakhar set forth mJçkçÀçíuç sôkòl good time
mJç-kçÀþ sô-ka»h good son
mçç@uççyç sälàb floods
mççôbyçòjçJçávç sônbûràvún to collect
çÆnmçò hísû part
njòv³çd harûni female deer
nçÆjMçáLç haríshúth joyfulness
nmçKç hasakh rivalry
nçôì hó» throat
n@lçòj håtûr white leprosy
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 16 Practice in reading sentences
(Courtesy: Project Zaan)
]®çò kçw³çççÆ]pç sáKç þçn þçn kç@ÀçÆjLç Dçmççvç?
tsû kyàzí chhúkh »háh »háh kåríth asàn
oHççvç jìòvçmç içæçÆs yççvçò Dççmçávç~
dapàn ra»ûnas gatshí bànû àsún
DçLç cçb]pç sávçò kçÀçbn MçKç çÆ]pç ]®çò sáKç m³çþçn lçí]pç~
ath manz chhúnû kành shakh zí tsû chhúkh sê»hàh tèz
çƳçcçvç iç@jçÇyçvç sávçç çÆ]pçboò jçí]pçvçákçÀ nKç?
yíman gårîban chhúnà zíndû ròznúk hakh ?
HçvçòçÆvçmç cçç@çÆuçmç cçççÆpç nòb]pç içæçÆs Kç@ocçLç kçÀjòv³çd~
panûnís mälís màjí hûnz gatshí khådmath karûni
yççmççvç sácç çÆ]pç ]®çô sá³ç vçò ³ççí©kçÀ J³çHççvç~
bàsàn chhúm zí tsé chhúy nû yòrúk vêpàn
JçççÆj³ççn kçÀçuç iççícç ]®çô Òççjçvç~
vàríyàh kàl gòm tsé pràràn
JJçuçò Dç]pç kçÀjJç Òçç@v³çd Hçç@þîç kçÀLçç yççLçç~
vólû az karav präni pä»hi kathà bàthà
oHççvç jç]pçò içJç çƳç yçÓçÆ]pçLç m³çþçn KJçMç~
dapàn ràzû gav yí bùzíth sê»hàh häràn
Jççlççvç Jççlççvç Jçç@l³çd çÆlçcç Dç@çÆkçÀmç vççiçmç H³çþ lçò DççÆlç ÐçálçáKç LçKç~
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25
How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
vàtàn vàtàn väti tím åkís nàgas pê»h tû atí dyútúkh thakh
KJçpçvç kçÀçôj cççônçÆvççÆJçmç DççuçJç lçò ]®çÓjmç kçÀjòvçç@Jçòvç uççj~
khôjan kór móhnívís àlav tû tsùras karûnävûn làr
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 17 Practice in reading sentences
(Courtesy: Project Zaan)
]®çò kçw³çççÆ]pç sáKç þçn þçn kç@ÀçÆjLç Dçmççvç?
tsû kyàzí chhúkh »háh »háh kåríth asàn
oHççvç jìòvçmç içæçÆs yççvçò Dççmçávç~
dapàn ra»ûnas gatshí bànû àsún
DçLç cçb]pç sávçò kçÀçbn MçKç çÆ]pç ]®çò sáKç m³çþçn lçí]pç~
ath manz chhúnû kành shakh zí tsû chhúkh sê»hàh tèz
çƳçcçvç iç@jçÇyçvç sávçç çÆ]pçboò jçí]pçvçákçÀ nKç?
yíman gårîban chhúnà zíndû ròznúk hakh ?
HçvçòçÆvçmç cçç@çÆuçmç cçççÆpç nòb]pç içæçÆs Kç@ocçLç kçÀjòv³çd~
panûnís mälís màjí hûnz gatshí khådmath karûni
yççmççvç sácç çÆ]pç ]®çô sá³ç vçò ³ççí©kçÀ J³çHççvç~
bàsàn chhúm zí tsé chhúy nû yòrúk vêpàn
JçççÆj³ççn kçÀçuç iççícç ]®çô Òççjçvç~
vàríyàh kàl gòm tsé pràràn
JJçuçò Dç]pç kçÀjJç Òçç@v³çd Hçç@þîç kçÀLçç yççLçç~
vólû az karav präni pä»hi kathà bàthà
oHççvç jç]pçò içJç çƳç yçÓçÆ]pçLç m³çþçn KJçMç~
dapàn ràzû gav yí bùzíth sê»hàh häràn
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Jççlççvç Jççlççvç Jçç@l³çd çÆlçcç Dç@çÆkçÀmç vççiçmç H³çþ lçò DççÆlç ÐçálçáKç LçKç~
vàtàn vàtàn väti tím åkís nàgas pê»h tû atí dyútúkh thakh
KJçpçvç kçÀçôj cççônçÆvççÆJçmç DççuçJç lçò ]®çÓjmç kçÀjòvçç@Jçòvç uççj~
khôjan kór móhnívís àlav tû tsùras karûnävûn làr
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 18 Practice in reading sentences - 2
(Courtesy: Project Zaan)
çƳç sá kçÀçuçò Hçiççn mçç@uçmç içæsçvç~
yí chhú kàlû pagàh sälas gatshàn.
Dç@çÆcçmç DçççÆmç pççvç içá]pççjò lçò lçJç³ç smç oççƳç yçíçÆ$ç~
åmís àsí jàn gúzàrû tû tavay chhas dàyí bètrí.
kçÀç@Mçáj çÆs mçç@v³çd cçççÆpç ]p³çJç~ DççÆmç HççÆ]pç Hçvçòv³çvç Mçá³ç&vç mçól³çd Dç@L³çd ]pçyçç@v³çd cçb]pç kçÀLç kçÀjòv³çd~
käshúr chhí säni màjí zêv. así pazí panûnên shúrên süti åthi zabäni manz kath karûni.
m³çþçn kçÀçuç iççícç mççW®ççvç çÆ]pç yçò uçíKçò nç@ Hçvçòv³çvç jmcçvç lçò ³ç&Jççpçvç H³çþ DçKç çÆkçÀlççyç~
sê»hàh kàl gòm sònchàn zí bû lèkhû hä panûnên rasman tû rêvàjan pê»h akh kítàb.
Ðççj Dççmçvçò mçólççÇ içJç vçò kçÀçbn yççô[ cççônv³çáJç~ çÆouç içæçÆs yççô[ Dççmçávç~
dyàr àsnû sütî gav nû kành bóº móhnyúv. díl gatshí bóº àsún.
³çLç oáçÆvç³çnmç cçb]pç yççÆvç ÒçLç kçÀçbn ®ççÇ]pç cçiçj cçç@pç kçÀçÆlç yççÆvç?
yath dûníyahas manz baní prath kành chîz magar mäj katí baní.
mçá JçKlç sácç ³çço H³çJççvç ³çôçÆuç mçç@çÆvçmç çÆmçbiççÆuç HçMçmç DçKç DçKç iç]pç ]pçíçÆs çÆMçMçj iççBìò Dççmçò uçiççvç~
sû vakhût chhúm yàd pêvàn yélí sänís sínglí pashas akh akh gaz zèchhí shíshar gän»û àsû lagàn.
çÆ]pçþîçvç ³ç]pçLç kçÀ©vç sá uJçkçÀìîçvç nábo HçÀ]pç&~
zí»hên yazath karún chhû lôk»ên húnd pharz.
Hççb[òJçvç nòbçÆo JçKlçò çÆlç sá kç@ÀMççÇçÆj çÆnvoámlççvçmç mçól³çd mçcyçbo Dççímçcçálç pànºûvan hûndí vakhtû tí chhû kåshîrí hídústànas süti samband òsmût.
çÆ]pçþîçvç nòb]pç Dçç@nçÇ çÆs ÒçLç mççlçò yçkçÀçj çƳçJççvç~ çÆlçnòb]pç içæçÆs HççÆ]pç cçvçò mççÇJçç kçÀjòv³çd~
zí»hên hûnz ähî chhí prath sàtû bakàr yívàn. tíhûnz gatshí pazí manû sîvà karûni.
kç@ÀMççÇçÆj çÆs ÒçLç Dçç@þcç lçò Kççmç kç@ÀçÆjLç ]pçíþò Dçç@þcç Ün lçáuçcçáçÆuç çÆoJç³ç uçiççvç~
kåshîrí chhí prath ä»ham tû khàs kåríth zè»hû ä»ham dôh túlmúlí dívay lagàn.
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
Exercise 19 Practice in reading sentences - 3
(Courtesy: Project Zaan)
lççÆlç Dçç@mç m³çþçn yççÇjò, lçJç³ç DçççƳç Dç@m³çd JççHçmç~
tatí äs sê»hàh bîrû, tavay àyí åsi vàpas.
yçjmççlçmç cçb]pç sá ³çôçÆlç m³çþçn ªo H³çJççvç~
barsàtas manz chhú yétí sê»hàh rùd pêvàn.
Hçjyçlçmç DçBÐç DçBÐç çÆs kçÀv³çvç nòb]pç DçKç Lç@]pç kçÀuçç³ç~
parbatas åndi åndi chhí kanên hûnz akh thåz kalày.
lçLç kçáÀçÆþmç Dçç@mç DçkçÀç@³ç oç@j, DçcççÇ Dççímç lççÆlç iççMç kçÀcç~
tath kú»hís äs akäy där, amî òs tatí gàsh kam.
yççíçÆvç kçáÀçÆuçmç çÆs yç@[îç Hçvçò Jç@Lçòj Dççmççvç~ bòní kúlís chhí båºi panû våthûr àsàn.
jçlçò cJçiçáuç sá cçvçnÓmç pççvççJççj çƳçJççvç cççvçòvçò~
ràtû môgúl chhú manhùs jànàvàr yívàn manûnû.
mçç@çÆvçmç Dççbiçòvçmç cçb]pç çÆs ]®ççíj ÖçÀmç kçáÀu³çd lçò ]pçò lçáuçò kçáÀu³çd~
sänís àngûnas manz chhí tsòr phras kúli tû zû túlû kúli.
çƳç iç@j çÆs c³çç@v³çd cçç@u³çd vçôyçjò H³çþò Dç@çÆvçcçò]®ç~
yí går chhí myäni mäli nébrû pê»hû ånímûts.
yççuçò LçBçÆiçmç H³çþ Dççímç pçb[ò uçç@çÆiçLç~ lççôlç Jçç@çÆlçLçò³ç Ðçálç DççÆmç LçKç~
bàlû thångís pê»h òs janºû lägíth. tót vätíthûy dyút así thakh.
içáuçcççÆiç& Dççímç MççÇvçmç H³çþ Kçòj $ççJçòvçmç yç[ò cç]pçò çƳçJççvç~
gúlmargí òs shînas pê»h khûr tràvûnas baºû mazû yívàn.
mççWLç çƳçJççvçò³ç sá kçáÀu³çvç vççôJç Hçvç vçíjçvç~
sònth yívànûy chhú kúlên nóv pan nèràn.
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How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina
------------------------------------------------------------- kçÀç@Mçáj çÆkçÀLçò Hçç@þîç HçjJç lçò uçíKçJç?
How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari?
By
M.K.Raina
Updated January 2006
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