lessons from freedom summer
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SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OCCUR when
EVERYDAY PEOPLE ACT COLLECTIVELY
at the RIGHT HISTORICAL
MOMENTJanuary 2013
1960 Sit Ins
1955 Montgomery bus boycott
1965Selma
1964 COFO Freedom Summer
1961-3 Freedom Rides
Some of the MAJOR EVENTS OF THE SOUTHERN FREEDOM MOVEMENT
1954 Brown v Board
Leading to: CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965
AND Freedom from Fear and Freedom of Association
BUT NOT FREEDOM FROM POVERTYPOVERTY OR FREEDOM FROM DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION
Some key components of a successful social movement:
Get Ready to Be Ready
Personal relationship and community building,
Building an infrastructure
Development of local leadership,
Creating coalitions,
Identifying the problem and doing your homework,
Strategic use of the arts,
Strategic use of nonviolent direct resistance,
Learning how to deal with the contradictions within the movement,
and being in the right historical moment.
ORGANIZATIONS:--Build Infrastructure and Coalitions--Develop experienced activists
1910 --- NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
1942 --- CORE Congress of Racial Equality
1957--- SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership Conference
1960 --- SNCC (snick)Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
1962-4 --- COFO Council of Federated Organizations = NAACP, CORE, SCLC, SNCC
-------Local independent civil rights organizations------- e.g., Women’s Political Council
e.g., Montgomery Improvement Association e.g., Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
e.g., Nonviolent Action Group
1957 SCLC Churches
1960 SNCC Black College Campuses Friends of SNCC
1910 NAACP NAACP local chapters Youth chapters
The Importance of Infrastructure
1932 - -------------Highlander---------------------------------------------
1942 CORE Local chapters
1925 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids 1950
1908 Federal Council of Churches------------1950 National Council of Churches
1919 Associated Negro Press--------------------------------------1964
1837-1861-1890------ HBCU’s-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fred Shuttlesworth
C.T. Vivian
Jo Ann Robinson
Esau JenkinsMyles Horton
A. Philip Randolph
World War II
-----Cold War------------------------------------------
1960 Sit Ins
1955 Montgomery bus boycott
King1957 SCLC
SNCC
1910 NAACP
1942 CORE
1964 COFO Freedom Summer
1908 Springfield IL Race riots
Panic of 1907
Gandhi
1961-3 Freedom Rides
NAACP local chapters in S.bolstered by black WW II vets
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965
1955 Bandung Conference African anti-colonial movements
LYNCHING
The Importance of Historical Moment
African Independence Timeline
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1951 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1974 1975 1976 1977 1980 1990 1993
number of countries achieving independence
year of independence
1960 Sit ins at HBCUs
World War II
-----Cold War--------
1910 NAACP
1964 COFO Freedom Summer MFDP
1908 Springfield IL Race riots
End of Reconstruction
Gandhi
IN SOUTH:local chaptersyouth chapters
1963 Kennedy shot
Bandung Conference African anti-colonial movements
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
1954 Brown v Board
1944 Smith v Allwright
1946 Morgan v Virginia
1917Silent March
1915 Protests againstBirth of a Nation
LYNCHING
1960 Boyton v Virginia
Thurgood MarshallRoy Wilkins
Walter White
W. E. B. Dubois
Ida B. Wells
MEDGAR EVERS
CHARLES HOUSTON
World War II
-----Cold War--------
1955 Montgomery bus boycott
King
1957 SCLC
Lynching highpoint 1898Plessy 1896
Gandhi
Citizenship schools
1963 Kennedy shotAfrican anti-colonial movements
Southern ChristianLeadership Council
1965Selma
1964 COFO Freedom SummerFreedom Schools
JO ANN ROBINSON
SEPTIMA CLARK
E.D. NIXON
ELLA BAKERKING AND BAYARD RUSTIN
-----Cold War--------
1960 Sit Ins
SNCC
Lynching highpoint 1898Plessy 1896
1964 COFO Freedom Summer
Voter RegistrationMFDP
1963 Kennedy shotAfrican anti-colonial movements
1965Selma
Student Nonviolent Co-ordinating Committee
World War II
Gandhi
BOB MOSES
ELLA BAKER
DIANE NASH
WAZIR PEACOCK
World War II
-----Cold War--------
1942 CORE
LynchingPlessy 1896
Gandhi
1961-3 Freedom Rides
1963 Kennedy shot
1964 COFO Freedom SummerCommunity centers
African anti-colonial movements
Congress of RacialEquality CORE
1947 Journey of Reconciliation
James Farmer
1961 - The First Two Freedom Rides
Nashville
Birmingham
MontgomeryJackson
New Orleans
Washington, D.C.
World War II
-----Cold War---------------
1960 Sit Ins
1955 Montgomery bus boycott
King1957 SCLC
SNCC
1910 NAACP
1942 CORE
1965Selma
1964 COFOFreedom Summer
1908 Springfield IL Race riots
Lynching
Gandhi
1961 Freedom Rides
NAACP local chapters in S.est by black WW II vets
CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS1957 1960 1964 1965
1946 Morgan v VA
1932 - ------------------------------------------------ Highlander
Citizenship schools
• Community centers
• Voter Registration• Freedom Schools
1963 Kennedy shotAfrican/Asian anti-colonial movements
1960 Boynton v VA
1944 Smith v Allwright
Interaction Among Organizations and Leaders
MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER - 1964
?
Mississippi Literacy Test
c. 1955
DOM VOTE
The creation of the
MFDP
MFDP
Location of Mississippi projects
DISTRICTS
State Convention in Jackson68 Convention Delegates:
• 64 black• 4 white
5 Congressional Candidates2 Senate CandidatesGovernor and Lt. Governor
Fannie Lou Hamer (1917-1977)
Speaking at the Credentials Committee Hearing of the National Democratic Presidential Nominating Convention
Atlantic City, New Jersey - August 22, 1964
Lyndon Johnson opposed the seating of the MFDP and spent
political capital twisting arms.
The Credentials Committee offered a “compromise:” MFDP to get
two seats “at large” without voting power. MDP delegates to be
seated, had to swear a loyalty oath to the Democratic Party.
The MFDP voted against accepting the “compromise.”
The Convention Delegates, under the impression that the MFDP
approved the “compromise,” approved the Credentials
Committee recommendations.
The Success of Freedom Summer
[T]he most significant thing that the movement gave to us was it removed people from fear. The freedom from fear of being dragged out of your house in the middle of the night for daring to want to be part of the mainstream, of daring to dream or want to participate, to want to have equal justice, that equal pay for equal work that my father used to talk about. The generations since the movement have not been taught to stay in their place or to understand that there’s a certain way to walk and stand and look at and relate to white people. For white and blacks, I think that is the most significant contribution it made to people in [Mississippi].
-- L.C. Dorsey
What happened in 1964 symbolized the situation that we are in now. The National Democratic Party and the political leadership of that party at the time, said, okay, there’s room for these kind of people. And it was the professional people within our group who were asked to become part and did become part of the Democratic Party. On the other hand they said, there isn’t room for these people—grassroots people, the sharecroppers, the common workers, the day workers. There’s room for them as recipients of largesse—poverty programs and the like. There isn’t room for them as participants in power sharing.
--Bob Moses
The Failure of Freedom Summer
Never again were we lulled into believing that our task was exposing injustices so that the ‘good’ people of American could eliminate them. We left Atlantic City with the knowledge that the movement had turned into something else. After Atlantic City, our struggle was not for civil rights, but for liberation.
-- Cleveland Sellers
The Lesson of Freedom Summer
THE SOUTHERN FREEDOM MOVEMENT
1960 Sit Ins1955 Montgomery bus boycott
1965 Selma
1964 COFO Freedom Summer1961 Freedom Rides
1954 Brown v Board
Leading to: CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965
Freedom from Fear Freedom of Association
BUT NOT Freedom from POVERTY
or Freedom from DISCRIMINATION
Vincent HardingFrom Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker (1981)
“. . . Because this country has been changed [by the Southern Freedom Movement], we must change too
if we are going to continue to carry on the struggle . . . . You move into a struggle with certain kinds of visions and ideas and hopes. You transform the situation and then you can no longer go on with the same kinds of visions . . . because you have created a new situation yourselves. And if anybody has taught us how to be flexible and change and recreate our
ideas and our thoughts as time has gone on, Ella Baker has done that.”
Ella Baker speaking at the MFDP State Convention
“Until the killing of black men, black mother’s sonsIs as important as the killing of white men, white mother’s sons We who believe in freedom cannot rest until it comes”
San Francisco
Freedom School
Google:
“sf freedom school”
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