lesson 6-x: student drug testing. wallwall unaddressed risk ½ way to the wall total risk drug-free...

Lesson 6-X:Student Drug Testing

WALL

Unaddressed Risk

½ Way to the Wall

Total Risk

Drug-Free America

Unaddressed Risk

½ Way to the Wall

Total Risk

Drug-Free America

WALL

Unaddressed Risk

½ Way to the Wall

Total Risk

Drug-Free America

½ Way

WALL

Unaddressed Risk

½ Way to the Wall

Total Risk

Drug-Free America

½ Way

WALL

Unaddressed Risk

½ Way to the Wall

Total Risk

Drug-Free America

½ Way

WALL

Unaddressed Risk

½ Way to the Wall

Total Risk

Drug-Free America

½ Way

WALL

Unaddressed Risk

½ Way to the Wall

Total Risk

Drug-Free America

½ Way

WALL

Zero-Tolerance Policies

• Metal Detectors

• Closed Circuit Cameras

• Sniff Dogs

• Drug Testing

Should high school students be drug tested?

Should high school students be drug tested?

Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton

Should high school students be drug tested?

I also authorize the Vernonia School District to have a representative run a urine test for drugs / alcohol and to release the information regarding the results to the Vernonia School District as deemed necessary.

Section of letter sent to James Acton and his

parents seeking authorization to drug test

Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton

Should high school students be drug tested?

Dear Mr. and Mrs. Acton:

District Policy JFCI requires the parent and / or guardian and the student athlete to sign a written consent for drug testing prior to participating in the athletic program. Since you are not willing to sign the required consent, your son James will not be permitted to participate in the District’s athletic program. However, should you change your mind and permit James to be tested, he will be allowed to participate.

Section of letter sent to Mr. & Mrs. Acton warning that James would not be allowed to play sports if he did not undergo a test.

Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton

Should high school students be drug tested?

Privacy Legitimate

government interest

Fourth Amendment

Should high school students be drug tested?

2. Testing program was designed to be unobtrusive

1. Students have low expectations of privacy

3. Served school district’s interest in combating drug abuse

Suspicionless Searches & Seizures to Conduct Drug Testing

Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton

Should high school students be drug tested?

Blanket searches, because they involve thousands or millions of searches, pose a greater threat to liberty than do suspicion based ones, which affect one person at a time. …I dissent.”

Justice Sandra Day O’Connor

Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton

Should high school students be drug tested?

Earls v. Tecumseh School District

Lindsay Earls, now a Dartmouth College freshman, filed suit

after her high school forced her to take a drug test before it would let her join the choir.

Should high school students be drug tested?

Privacy Legitimate

government interest

Fourth Amendment

Should high school students be drug tested?

“(W)e find that testing students who participate in extracurricular activities

is a reasonably effective means of addressing the School District’s

legitimate concerns in preventing, deterring, and detecting drug use.”

Justice Clarence Thomas, June 27, 2002

Should high school students be drug tested?

Should high school students be drug tested?

Should high school students be drug tested?

California State PTA

1. In-school suspension

2. After-school interventions

3. Positive behavior mentoring

4. Student assistance & other programs that offer counseling & education

National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health “School Connectedness” associated with lower health risk behaviors

“… rather than throwing students out of school for making bad decisions, let’s offer help, keep them busy, locate constructive punishment for rule breaking within the school context, and try to increase their connections to teachers, administrators, and other students.”

Should high school students be drug tested?

E

E

Time

DZ

DZ

DZ

DZ

Randomized

Trail

Random AssignmentDZ

Non-Observational

Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

T

T

Time

D

D

D

D

Randomized

Trail

Random AssignmentD

Non-Observational

Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

E

E

Time

DZ

DZ

DZ

DZ

Cohort

Study

DZ

Observational

Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

T

T

Time

D

D

D

D

Cohort

Study

D

Observational

Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Time

Case-Control

Study

DZ

E

E

DZ

E

E

Observational

Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Time

Case-Control

Study

D

T

T

D

T

T

Observational

Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Time

Cross-Sectional

Study

DZ

DZ

E

EObservational

Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Time

Cross-Sectional

Study

D

D

T

TObservational

Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

DZ

DZ

E

E

Random Assignment

DZ

DZ

DZ

-

Randomized Tria l

Ti m e

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

E

E

E

E

DZ

DZ

-

Case-Control Study

Ti m e

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

E

E

DZ

DZ

DZ

DZ

DZ

-

Cohort Study

Ti me

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

DZ

DZ

-

Cross-Sectiona l Study

Ti me

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

E

E

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

1. What percentage of schools employs a drug testing policy?

2. Which students are tested for drugs in these schools?

3. On what bases are students tested for drugs in schools?

4. How do characteristics of school and its student body relate to drug testing?

5. What relationship exists between student drug use and school drug testing?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Monitoring the Future Study

Youth, Education, and Society Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Monitoring the Future Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Self-Administered Questionnaires

30,000 8th grade students in 260 schools

23,000 10th grade students in 227 high schools

23,000 12th grade students in 235 schools

Monitoring the Future Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Male Athletes (3,000 male athletes in 303 high schools)

2 Subsets

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Monitoring the Future Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Male Athletes (3,000 male athletes in 303 high schools)

2 Subsets

Experienced Marijuana Users (8,000 students in 331 high schools)

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Monitoring the Future Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Student Characteristics Shown to Have a Strong Relationship to Drug Use

• Parental Educational Attainment (SES)

• Religiosity

• Truant Behavior

• Grade Point Average

• Evenings Out Per Week

Youth, Education, and Society Study

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

School-Level Information

• Mailed Survey

• School Administrator

• 82.6 % response rate

In the school year, did your school test any students for illicit drug use?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

D

D

T

T

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

How do you interpret the difference between the % of

schools and the % of students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

What do you think happened to the % of schools that did “drug testing of any kind”

between 1998 and 2001?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

What do you think happened to the % of schools that did “drug testing of any kind”

between 1998 and 2001?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

What group of students do you think was most frequently drug tested?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

What do you think was the most frequent bases for drug

testing?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use

among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

1 = 0 occasions 2 = 1-2 occasions 3 = 3-5 occasions 4 = 6-9 occasions 5 = 10-19 occasions 6 = 20-39 occasions 7 = 40 or more occasions

1 – 7 Scale

Prevalence The number of events in a given population at a designated time

Standard Deviation (SD) A measure of dispersion or variation. A summary of how widely dispersed the values are around

the mean.

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Fourth Amendment

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

The presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defect by the application of a test, examinations or other procedures that can be applied rapidly.

Screening

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Reality

+ -

+

-

Test Results

a

c

b

d

0%

0%100%

100%

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Reality

+ -

+

-

Test Results

a

c

b

d

0%

0%100%

100%<

< False Positives

False Negatives

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Reality

+ -

+

-

Test Results

a

c

b

d

Sensitivity

Ability to identify

a

condition

when it is

there

a / a + c

SpecificityAbility to not identify a condition when it is not there

d / b + d

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Reality

+ -

+

-

Test Results

a

c

b

d

Positive

Predictive Value

With a positive test,

the probability

that the

patient has the

condition

d / c + d

Negative Predictive ValueWith a negative test, the probability that

the patient does not have the conditiona / a + b

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Reality

+ -

+

-

Test Results

a

c

b

d

Prevalence = 5%

Population = 10,000

Sensitivity = 70%Specificity = 80%

10,0009,500500

150 7,600

1,900350

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Reality

+ -

+

-

Test Results

a

c

b

d

Prevalence = 5%

Population = 10,000

Sensitivity = 70%Specificity = 80%

10,0009,500500

150 7,600

1,900350PPV ?

NPV ?

16%

98%

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

2,000 ng/ml

10 ng/ml

50 ng/ml

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Type Test # Tests % Total # Verified + % Verified +

Random 14,706 52.2 % 88 0.6 %

Applicant 12,611 44.7 % 33 0.3 %

Follow-up 572 2.0 % 37 6.5 %

Volunteer 189 0.7 % 2 1.1 %

Reason' Suspicion 66 0.2 % 16 24.2 %

Post-Accident 55 0.2 % 3 5.5 %

Total 28,199 100.0 % 179 0.6 %

Number Tested / Verified Positives

Federal Drug - Free Workplace Program

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?