lesson 00 ils theory v3
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ILS system description
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ILS definitions
• ILS Operational requirements
• ILS facility requirements– CAT I: Coverage down to 60m above threshold– Cat II: Coverage down to 15m above threshold (= thr passing)– Cat III: Coverage all the way down to rwy and along it
Non-Precisionapproch
CAT I CAT II CAT IIIA CAT IIIB CAT IIIC
MDA(min. høyde over terskel)
300m(1000’)
60m(200’)
30m(100’)
0 0 0
RVR(sikt langs rullebane)
5km(16000’)
800m(2600’)
400m(1200’)
200m(700’)
50m(150’)
0
(minimum decision altitude)
(rwy visual range)
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ICAO Annex 10
• Annex 10 to the convention of International Civil Aviation
• The “Bible” for ILS• Defines all the signal• Defines tolerances for all the signals • Defines Cat I, II, III
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ILS definitions - LLZ
• Course Line - CLwhere DDM is zero in the horizontal plane
• Course Sector - CS;the sector in the vertical plane limited of DDM = 0,155
• LLZ Displacement Sensitivity (DS);change in DDM pr. meter at ILS reference datum (thr) should be 0,00145
– hence; CS is 106,9m at threshold
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ILS definitions GP
• Glidepath;where DDM is zero in the vertical plane
• Glidepath angle;angle between where DDM is zero and the horizontal plane
• Glidepath sector; the sector in the horizontal plane limited of DDM = 0,175
• GP Displacement Sensitivity (DS);change in DDM pr. degree shall be 0,0875
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Important parameters
• LLZ– Polarization– Coverage– Course alignment– Course Structure– Displacement
Sensitivity - DS– Clearence
• GP– Coverage– GP angle/alignment– GP Structure– DS
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LLZ main parameters
• Polarization– when an aircraft is on course line and is in roll attitude of 20
degrees, the measured fault should be less than:CAT I: 0.016 DDM, CAT II: 0,008 DDM, CAT III: 0,005 DDM
• Coverage– 46,3 km within 10° from course line– 31,5 km within 10° og 35° from course line– 18,5 km outside 35° if coverage is required
• Course line– mean course line shall be adjusted and maintained within;
CAT I: +/- 10,5mCAT II: +/- 7,5m (recommended +/- 4,5m)CAT III: + 3,0mat ILS reference datum (threshold)
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LLZ main parameters
• Course structure
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LLZ main parameters
• LLZ DS– The DS shall be adjusted and maintained
withinCat I ± 17 percentCat II / III ± 10 percent
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GP main parameters
• Coverage– sector +/-8° on each side of the LLZ course
18,5 km (10nm) from 1.75 * GP angle (0=3°, 5.25°) and down to 0.45 0 (0=3°, 1.35°)
• GP structure– Bends must be less than;
±30 µA for CAT I±20 µA for CAT II/III.
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GP main parameters
• GP DS– DDM of 75 µA at ±0.12 0 from 0 (0=3°; 3.36° - 2.64°)
– The DS shall be adjusted and maintainedwithinCat.I 0.07 0 - 0.14 0 (0=3°; 3.42°/3.21° - 2.79°/2.58°)
Cat. II/III: 0.10 0 - 0.14 0 (0=3°; 3.3°/3.21° - 2.79°/2.7°)
• GP angle– Maintained within
Cat I: 0.075 0 (0=3°; 3.225° - 2.775°)Cat II/III: 0.04 0 (0=3°; 3.12°/2.88°)
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ILS signal formatCh. 2.3
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The ILS signal format
• CSB - Carrier with double Side Band
• SBO - SideBand Only– Double SideBand - Supressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
v t A m t m tc t( ) sin sin sin 1 90 90 150 150
v t A m t m tc t( ) sin sin sin 90 90 150 150
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90 Hz + 150 Hz
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= CSB
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90 Hz + 150 Hz
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= SBO
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DDM / SDM definition
• DDM = m150 – m90 ;modulation level <2m
• DDM = 2m ;modulation level >2m
• SDM = m150 + m90 ;modulation level >2m
• SDM = 2m ;modulation level <2m
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DDM / SDM Definition
DDM
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CSB SBO
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DDM definition with phase fault
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LLZ / GP linearity
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Airborn receiver
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Principle of airbornereceiver
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LLZ / GP definitions
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Principle of NM7000 transmitterCh. 2.4
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Antenna theoryCh. 3
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Antenna arraysCh. 3.2
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Two antenna element
Phase difference: Total received signal:
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Two antenna element
In phase 180° out of phase
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Two antenna element array
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Image theoryCh. 3.4
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Image theory
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ILS antenna theoryCh. 4
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CSB /SBO feed
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90Hz from two antenna feeds
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150Hz from two antenna feeds
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Result of two antenna feeds
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Radiation patterns for CSB and SBO
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LLZ antenna above groundCh. 4.2
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LLZ antenna above ground
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Beam Bend Potential
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Beam Bend Potential
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NM3525 – 24 el. LLZ
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NM3525 signal distribution
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NM3545 – M-array GPCh. 6.3
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M-array distribution
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Antenna element offsetCh. 6.4
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Monitoring
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