legal informatics and legal concepts
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Legal informatics and legal concepts
Giovanni Sartor, Enrico Francesconi
EUI - European university Institute of Florence/CIRSFID - University of BolognaITTIG-CNR – Institute of Legal Information Theory and Techniques
Italian National Research Council
Eurovoc Conference – 18-19 November 2010, Luxembourg
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Where is the law?
unwritten law (in thought and action)tacit-implicit law (social norms, customs, attitudes)spoken law (proverbs, parables, commandments, advice)
written law (in human-readable form)hand-written law (Hammurabi, the nine tables, Justinian’sdigest)printed law (official gazettes)
computable law (in machine-readable form)electronically stored law (in legal databases)electronically processed law (in computer programs andknowledge bases)
No substitution: dialectical integration/transmutation of thedifferent media
Unwritten law
Written law
Computable law
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Legal informatics
A Definition:Theory and practice of computable law, i.e., ofcooperation/symbiosis between humans and machines in legalproblem-solving
Users/application domains:legislation (e-legislation), adjudication (e-justice),administration (e-government), politics (e-governance),research/doctrine, practice/professions, compliance/citizens
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Areas of inquiry/development
Access to legal sources (legal documentation)Legal information systems (supporting legal activities)Legal drafting (drafting support, document assembly)Forensics (dealing with computer evidence)Legal training (e-learning)Modelling legal knowledge and reasoning (artificial intelligenceand law, computational argumentation)Legal determinations (knowledge-based systems)Legal planning/simulation (simulation, agent-based modellingof norm-governed behaviour, electronic societies)
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Legal informatics: possibilities and risks
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A time-line for legal informatics
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Legal information systems
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The epistemology of legal informatics
(From Tom Gordon)
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Legal informatics and the law
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Legal informatics and the web
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Legal informatics in the semantic web
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Concepts: Porphyry
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Concepts as hierachies: Windscheid
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Concepts as rules: Ross
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Why are legal concepts important?
Cognitive role of conceptual structures in the law:summarise rules and their connectionscluster connected information and support relevant inferencesguide problem-solvingsupport generalisation and comparionguide analogiesprovide a shared framework for legal argumentationprovide a framework for intra- and trans-systemic trans-lingualcomparison
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Concepts: Thesauri
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Concepts: Semantic lexicons
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Concepts: Multilingual ontologies
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EU Legal Information Accessibility
Cross-Collection AccessibilityAccessing heterogeneousdata sources in adistributed environment
Cross-Language AccessibilityAccessing heterogeneousdata sources withoutlanguage barriers
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
EU Legal Information Accessibility
Cross-Collection AccessibilityAccessing heterogeneousdata sources in adistributed environment
Cross-Language AccessibilityAccessing heterogeneousdata sources withoutlanguage barriers
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Semantic Interoperability and Semantic Web
Semantic Interoperability can enhance both Cross-Languageand Cross-Collection AccessibilitySemantic interoperability can be obtained by implementing theSemantic Web concept
The Semantic WebThe process of embedding in theWorld-Wide Web information that is
understandable by humans
processed and understandable bymachines
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Modelling Legal Concepts
Legal concepts modelling is the essential pre-condition for implementingthe Semantic Web concept in the legal domain
Knowledge organizing structures
Thesauri(Eurovoc, ETT, Eclas, Gemet, etc.)Semantic lexicons(WordNet, Syllabus, etc.)Legal Ontologies(LRI-Core, LKIF, CLO, Dalos, etc.)
Modelling strategy in a multilingual andmulticultural domain
Collaborating platform connectingLegal comparatistsTranslatorsOntology developers
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Semantic Web to overcome language barriers
Bottom-up approachSemantic mark-up ofmultilingual documents
Top-down approachSemantic tools(thesauri, ontologies)to express the semantics ofusers’ information needs
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Semantic Web to overcome language barriers
Bottom-up approachSemantic mark-up ofmultilingual documents
Top-down approachSemantic tools(thesauri, ontologies)to express the semantics ofusers’ information needs
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Semantic Web to overcome fragmentation barriers
Quality of the retrievalin single collections is linked tothe availability of specificthesauri
in cross-collections is linked tothe interoperability amongthesauri
Eurovoc interoperability study based on
SKOS standard
Information Retrieval techniques
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Semantic Web to overcome fragmentation barriers
Quality of the retrievalin single collections is linked tothe availability of specificthesauri
in cross-collections is linked tothe interoperability amongthesauri
Eurovoc interoperability study based on
SKOS standard
Information Retrieval techniques
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Challenges for an effective implementation
Knowledge acquisition bottleneck(Machine effort)
Time consuming editorial work(Human effort)
}Ex-post processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Challenges for an effective implementation
Knowledge acquisition bottleneck(Machine effort)
Time consuming editorial work(Human effort)
}Ex-post processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Legislative Workflow Management. A way forward?
Semantics management at a very early stage ofthe law-making process
Authoring tools and CMS to manage semantics
in a standardized and multilingual environmentat the very early stage of the legal draftingprocess
}Ex-ante processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Legislative Workflow Management. A way forward?
Semantics management at a very early stage ofthe law-making processAuthoring tools and CMS to manage semantics
in a standardized and multilingual environmentat the very early stage of the legal draftingprocess
}Ex-ante processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
Legislative Workflow Management. A way forward?
Semantics management at a very early stage ofthe law-making processAuthoring tools and CMS to manage semantics
in a standardized and multilingual environmentat the very early stage of the legal draftingprocess
}Ex-ante processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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