lecture4 blood
Post on 15-Jul-2015
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Functions of blood:1.Conveying nutrients2.Eliminating waste products3.Carring oxygen and carbon dioxide4.Regulating body temperature5.Maintaining acid-base balance
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BLOOD = CELLS + PLASMAErythrocytesLeukocytesPlatelets
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Sol state Gel state
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Plasma proteinsAlbuminsGlobulinsFibrinogen
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Red blood cells erythrocytes:M: 5 million/mm3F: 4 million/mm3diameter : 7.5mbiconcave shaped disksdevoid of organelles and nucleusimmature forms reticulocytes 1% of erythrocyteslifetime 120 daysfunction transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Platelets:150 000 300 000 per 1 mm3 of bloodcell fragments devoid of nucleuscontain granules, mitochondria, glycogenlife span 14 daysfunction promote blood clotting
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Types of granules: Alpha granules contain factors that facilitate platelet aggregation and coagulation of bloodDelta granules - contain factors that facilitate platelet aggregation, adhesion and vasoconstriction Lambda granules (lysosomes) contain hydrolytic enzymes
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White blood cells (leukocytes) 4 000 10 000 / 1 mm31.Granulocytes contain specific granules and nonspecific (azurophilic) granulesNeutrophils 60 %Eosinophils 2-5 %Basophils 1 %2.Agranulocytes contain only nonspecific (azurophilic) granulesMonocytes 3-8 %Lymphocytes 25-35 %
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IMMATURE FORMunsegmented nucleus
present when demand for neutrophils increasesMATURE FORM3 -lobed nucleus
present in normal conditionsOLD FORMhipersegmented nucleus
present wnen production of neutrophils decreases
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Neutrophils:60% of leukocytesdiameter: 12 15msegmented nucleus2 types of granules:specyfic granules lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenaseazurophilic granulesfunction phagocytosis, killing microorganismslife span 6 hours in blood 1 4 days in tissue
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Eosinophils:2 5% of leukocytesdiameter 10 15mbilobed nucleus2 types of granules:specyfic granules major basic proteineosinophil cationic proteineosinophilic peroxidasehistaminasearylsulfataseazurophilic granulesfunction :a)defense against parasitesb)modulation of response in allergic reactionsc)phagocytosis
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Basophils:1% of leukocytesdiameter : 12 15mlobulated nucleus2 types of granules:specyfic granuleshistamineheparinchemotactic factorsnonspecyfic (azurophilic) granulesfunctiona)play role in hypersensivity and anaphylaxisb)regulate and modulate inflammatory responses
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Monocytes:3 8% of leukocytesdiameter: 12 20 mkidneyshaped nucleusbelong to agranulocytesdifferentiate into macrophages in tissuefunctiona)phagocytosisb)producing cytokines and activating inflammatory responsesc)acting as antigen-presenting cells
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Mononuclear phagocyte system:Histiocytes connective tissueMicroglia CNSOsteoclasts boneKupffer cells liverAlvealar macrophages
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Lymphocytes:25 35% of leukocytesdiameter: 6 10mspherical nucleusbelong to agranulocytesfunction create the immune systemT lymphocytes humoral immunityB lymphocytes cellular immune responses
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Bone marrow:Red bone marrow activeYellow bone marrow inactive
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Red bone marrow:Sinusoidal capillariesStroma (reticular tissue)Hemopoietic cords
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Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) - characteristicsGreat potentialAbility to self renewalAbility to migrate with a bloodstream
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Hematopoietic cellsStem cellProgenitor cellsPrecursor cellsMature cellsAbility for self renevalcant be recognized morfologicallyLimited ability for self renevalcant be recognized morfologicallyNo ability for self renevalcan be distinguished morfologically
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Progenitor cells CFU( colony forming units)
Lymphoid - CFUMyeloid - CFUGranulocyte Macrophage - CFUEosinophil - CFUBasophil - CFUMegakaryocyte - CFUErythroid - CFU
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STEM CELLSPROGENITOR CELLSPRECURSOR CELLS
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STEM CELLSPROGENITOR CELLSPRECURSOR CELLS
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STEM CELLSPROGENITOR CELLSPRECURSOR CELLS
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