learning theories goal how do we acquire behaviors through operant conditioning?
Post on 28-Dec-2015
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Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect
• Cats placed in “puzzle boxes”
• Use trial-and-error to “escape”
• Continue behaviors w/good result
• Discontinue behaviors w/bad result
Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
• Increases response by presenting positive stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
• Increases response by removing negative stimulus
PunishmentPositive Punishment
• Decrease behavior by presenting bad stimulus
Negative Punishment
• Decrease behavior by removing good stimulus
Punishment• Suppresses
behavior (not forgotten)
• Teaches discrimination
• Teaches fear• May increase
aggressiveness
Reinforcers
Immediate v. Delayed Reinforcers
• Unlearned Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer
• Learned through association
Primary Reinforcer
Continuous v. Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Shaping• Reinforce each step (successive
approximation) toward desired behavior
• Chaining – linking behaviors together into a routine (ex: putting reinforced dance moves into a choreographed performance)
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement
• Fixed-ratio – reinforcement after a set or fixed number of behaviors occur
• Variable-ratio – reinforcement after different numbers of behaviors
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement
• Fixed-interval – reinforcement after a set or fixed amount of time
• Variable-interval – reinforcement after different amounts of time
Extending Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Influences•Cognitive map – mental representation of environment
•Latent Learning – learning not known until there is motivation to demonstrate it
Operant Conditioning & Motivation
• Intrinsic & extrinsic motivation (we will discuss these more in our motivation unit)
– Intrinsic = internal desire to perform behavior, “for its own sake”
– Extrinsic = need external reward or avoidance of punishment to perform behavior
Biology & Operant Conditioning
• Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive– Pigeons naturally peck
• Easy to teach pigeons to peck to receive food
– Pigeons naturaly flap wings• Teach pigeons to flap wings to
avoid shock
– However, difficult to teach pigeon to flap wings to get food, or peck to avoid shock
Premack Principle
• Use preferred behaviors to reinforced non-preferred behaviors – Parents make children eat vegetables in
order to get dessert
Applications of Operant Conditioning
• School – token economy • Sports• Work – schedules of reinforcement• Home • Self-improvement - Biofeedback
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