leadership: law, policy, and management
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ASPEN ELECTIVE SERIES
LEADERSHIP: LAW,POLICY, ANDMANAGEMENT
Deborah L. RhodeErnest W. McFarland Professor of LawDirector, Center on the Legal ProfessionStanford Law School
Amanda K. PackelAssociate DirectorCenter on the Legal ProfessionStanford Law School
>,Wolters KluwerLaw & Business
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements xxv
PART I. THE NATURE OF LEADERSHIP
1 DEFINING LEADERSHIP 3A. INTRODUCTION: WHY STUDY LEADERSHIP? 3B. WHAT MAKES LEADERS: CHARACTERISTICS
AND CIRCUMSTANCES 61. Definitions 62. Early Theories and Contemporary Critiques:
Traits and Charisma 63. The Importance of Leaders 84. The Role of Circumstance: Situations,
Contingency, and Context in LeadershipTheory 9
5. Values in Leadership 106. Leading and Managing 117. The Leader's Legacy 13
• Joseph S. Nye Jr., The Powers to Lead 13• Ronald A. Heifetz, Leadership without Easy
Answers 19• Warren Bennis, On Becoming a Leader 24
PROBLEM 1-1 25
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 25
XI
xii Table of Contents
C. WHAT QUALITIES ARE CRITICAL FORLEADERSHIP? 26
• James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The LeadershipChallenge (4th ed.) 27
• Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee,Primal Leadership: Learning to Lead with EmotionalIntelligence 32
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 35
PROBLEM 1-2 35Media Resources 35
END NOTES 36
DEVELOPING LEADERSHIP 41A. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES 41
1. The World of Leaders: Competition, Scale, Pace,and Diversity 41
2. Relationships with Followers 433. Gaining and Exercising Leadership 43
B. STYLES OF LEADERSHIP 44• Daniel Goleman, "Leadership That Gets Results" 44• Jack Zenger and Joseph Folkman, "Ten Fatal Flaws
That Derail Leaders" 51• Roderick M. Kramer, "The Great Intimidators" 52
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 56
PROBLEM 2-1 57Media Resources 59
C. LEADERSHIP IN CONTEXT: LAW, POLICY, ANDMANAGEMENT 591. Comparing Law, Policy, and Management 592. Lawyers in Leadership Roles: A Case Study 61
• Ben W. Heineman Jr., "Law and Leadership" 61
QUESTIONS 63
PROBLEM 2-2 63
NOTES 64
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 66Media Resources 69
Table of Contents xiii
D. LEARNING LEADERSHIP 691. The State of Leadership Education 69
QUESTIONS 702. The Learning Process 713. Obstacles to the Learning Process 724. Learning Strategies 735. Organizational Learning 75
• Chris Argyris, "Teaching Smart People How to Learn" 76• David W. Johnson and Frank P. Johnson, Joining
Together: Group Theory and Group Skills 80
PROBLEM 2-3 82
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 82
END NOTES 83
PART II. LEADERSHIP SKILLS
3 LEADERS AS DECISION MAKERS 9iA. THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS AND
COGNTIVE BIASES 92• Paul Brest and Linda Hamilton Krieger, Problem
Solving, Decisionmaking, and Professional Judgment 92
PROBLEM 3-1 , 98
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 99
PROBLEM 3-2 101Media Resources 103
B. GROUP DECISION MAKING 1041. The Problem of Groupthink 104
• Irving L. Janis, "Groupthink" 1042. Strengths, Limitations, and Strategies for
Improvement of Group Decision Making 106• Paul Brest and Linda Hamilton Krieger, Problem
Solving, Decision Making, and Professional Judgment 107NOTES AND QUESTIONS 112
3. A Case Study: The Hewlett Packard PretextingScandal 115• Deborah L. Rhode and David Luban,
Legal Ethics 115
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• Eric Dezenhall and John Weber, Damage Control:,Why Everything You Know about Crisis ManagementIs Wrong 118
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 120Media Resources 121
C. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 121
PROBLEM 3-3 122• Paul Brest and Linda Hamilton Krieger, Problem
Solving, Decision Making, and ProfessionalJudgment 122
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 125
END NOTES 127
4 INFLUENCE 131A. FORMS OF INFLUENCE 131
1. Authority 1312. Reciprocity 1323. Social Influence 1334. Association 134
• Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology ofPersuasion 134
• Paul Brest and Linda Hamilton Krieger, ProblemSolving, Decisionmaking, and Professional Judgment:A Guide for Lawyers and Policymakers 136
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 137• David L. Bradford and Allan Cohen, "Influence
without Authority" . . 1 3 8
PROBLEM 4-1 140
NOTES 140
QUESTIONS 142Media Resources 142
B. FOLLOWERS 1421. The Importance of Followers 142
• Barbara Kellerman, Followership: How Followers AreCreating Change and Changing Leaders 144
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 148
PROBLEM 4-2 150
Table of Contents
PROBLEM 4-3
• Steven Brill, "When a Lawyer Lies"
NOTES
QUESTIONS
Media Resources2. Adaptive Leadership
• Ronald A. Heifetz, Leadership without EasyAnswers
NOTES AND QUESTIONS
3. Fostering Innovation and Managing ChangePROBLEM 4-4
4. Feedback
C. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
1. The Dynamics of Conflict2. Responses to Conflict3. Strategies
PROBLEM 4-5
Media ResourcesD. COMMUNICATION
1. Strategies• Deborah L. Rhode, "Public Presentations"• Chip Heath and Dan Heath, Made to Stick: Why Some
Ideas Survive and Others Die
PROBLEM 4-6
2. Examples• Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments
NOTES AND QUESTIONS
• Martin Luther King Jr. "Letter froma Birmingham Jail"
NOTES AND QUESTIONS
• George Lakoff, "The Policy-Speak Disaster forHealth Care"
NOTES AND QUESTIONS
Media ResourcesEND NOTES
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PART III. ETHICS IN LEADERSHIP
5 MORAL LEADERSHIP 199A. HISTORICAL FRAMEWORKS 199
• Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince (1532) 201
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 203
B. DIRTY HANDS 204• Michael Walzer, "Political Action: The Problem of
Dirty Hands" 204
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 211
PROBLEM 5-1 213Media Resources 215
C. HOW THE GOOD GO BAD: ETHICALMISCONDUCT AND INSTITUTIONALRESPONSES 215
1. Introduction 215
PROBLEM 5-2 231
QUESTIONS 231
2. Leadership Failures in the Financial Markets 233
PROBLEM 5-3 233Media Resources 239• William A. Sahlman, Management and the Financial
Crisis (We Have Met the Enemy and He Is Us . . . ) 239
NOTES 241
QUESTIONS 244Media Resources 245
END NOTES 245
6- AUTHORITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY 249A. FOLLOWING ORDERS 249
• Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report onthe Banality of Evil 249
QUESTION 251• Philip G. Zimbardo, "The Psychology of Power: To the
Person? To the Situation? To the System?" 251
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 260
PROBLEM 6-1
Media ResourcesB. MORAL MELTDOWNS
• David Luban, "Making Sense of MoralMeltdowns"
• John W. Dean III, Blind Ambition
NOTES AND QUESTIONS
PROBLEM 6-2
C. ACCOUNTABILITY
• Philip Bobbit, Terror and Consent: The Warsfor the Twenty-First Century
NOTES AND QUESTIONS
PROBLEM 6-3
QUESTIONS
Media Resources
END NOTES
Table of Contents
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XVII
SCANDAL: PRIVATE LIVES, PUBLICRESPONSIBILITIES, AND CRISISMANAGEMENT 303A. HYPOCRISY 304
• Judith N. Shklar, Ordinary Vices 305• David Runciman, Political Hypocrisy: The Mask of
Power, From Hobbes to Orwell and Beyond 306
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 308
B. WHEN DOES THE PERSONAL BECOMEPOLITICAL? 310
• Deborah L. Rhode, "Moral Character: The Personal
and the Political" 310
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 314
C. THE PARADOX OF POWER: THE CORROSIONOF JUDGMENT 315
• Roderick Kramer, "The Harder They Fall" 315
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 324D. CRISIS MANAGEMENT: APOLOGIES AND
CORRECTIVE ACTION 324
PROBLEM 7-1 328
xviii Table of Contents
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 330• Eric Dezenhall and John Weber, Damage Control:
Why Everything You Know about Crisis ManagementIs Wrong 332
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 336
PROBLEM 7-2 337
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 338
E. POLITICS 338• Ari Adut, On Scandal, Moral Disturbances in Society,
Politics, and Art 338
PROBLEM 7-3 340
PROBLEM 7-4 342
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 344Media Resources 346
F. MONEY 346
• Bryan Burrough, "Marc Dreier's Crime of Destiny" 346
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 350Media Resources 351
PROBLEM 7-5 351
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 354
Media Resources' 355
G. SEX 355
PROBLEM 7-6 358
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 359Media Resources 361
END NOTES 362
PART IV. LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES
8 DIVERSITY IN LEADERSHIP 371A. THE CASE FOR DIVERSITY 372
• David A. Thomas and Robin J. Ely, "MakingDifferences Matter: A New Paradigm forManaging Diversity" 372
PROBLEM8-1 380
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 382
Table of Contents xix
B. A CASE STUDY ON THE CASE FOR DIVERSITY:CORPORATE BOARDS 383
• Deborah L. Rhode and Amanda K. Packel, "Diversityon Corporate Boards: How Much Difference DoesDifference Make?" 383
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 394
C. MANAGING DIVERSITY 395• Frank Dobbin, Alexandra Kalev, and Erin Kelly,
"Diversity Management in Corporate America" 395• Jean-Francois Manzoni, Paul Strebel, and Jean-Louis
Barsoux, "Why Diversity Can Backfire on CompanyBoards" 400
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 403Media Resources 404
D. GENDER AND LEADERSHIP 4051. Women 405
• Deborah L. Rhode and Barbara Kellerman, "Womenand Leadership: The State of Play" 405
• Herminia Ibarra and Otilia Obodaru, "Women andthe Vision Thing" 418
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 4212. Men 422
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 422
PROBLEM 8-2 424Media Resources 426
E. RACIAL AND ETHNIC IDENTITY 426• ABA Commission on Women in the Profession,
Visible Invisibility: Women of Color in Law Firms,Executive Summary 426
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 428
PROBLEM 8-3 430• David B. Wilkins, "Two Paths to the Mountaintop?
The Role of Legal Education in Shaping the Valuesof Black Corporate Lawyers" 431
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 435
PROBLEM 8-4 437Media Resources 438
END NOTES 439
xx Table of Contents
9 LEADERSHIP FOR SOCIAL CHANGE 443A. INTRODUCTION 443
1. The Conditions of Social Change and theCentrality of Leaders 443
2. Leadership Characteristics 445
3. Leadership Challenges and Strategies 446
QUESTIONS 451
PROBLEM 9-1 451
B. CIVIL RIGHTS IN SOCIAL CONTEXT 451• Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of
Brown v. Board of Education and Black America'sStruggle for Equality 452
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 456
Media Resources 457
• Ronald A. Heifetz, Leadership without Easy Answers 457
QUESTIONS 467
PROBLEM 9-2 468
C. CONFLICTNG VIEWS OF COMMONINTERESTS 468
• William B. Rubenstein, Divided We Litigate:Addressing Disputes among Group Members andLawyers in Civil Rights Campaigns 468
• Margaret Talbot, "A Risky Proposal: Is It Too Soonto Petition the Supreme Court on Gay Marriage?" 473
• Chuleenan Svetvilas, "Anatomy of a Complaint: HowHollywood Activists Seized Control of the Fight forGay Marriage" 480
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 482
PROBLEM 9-3 483
Media Resources 484
END NOTES 484
J 0 LEADERSHIP IN A GLOBALCONTEXT: CORPORATESOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY ANDINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS 489A. INTRODUCTION 489
Table of
B. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1. Definitions and Principles2. The Business Case for Social Responsibility
• Ben W. Heineman Jr., High Performance with HighIntegrity
3. Challenges and Concerns
NOTES
QUESTIONSMedia Resources
C. HUMAN RIGHTS1. Introduction2. Standards Governing Corporate Responsibility
for Human RightsPROBLEM 10-1
3. Child Labor
PROBLEM 10-2Media Resources
Contents
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4. Governmental and NongovernmentalOrganizations in International Conflicts 510• Thomas Pogge, "Moral Priorities for International
Human Rights NGOs" 510• Neera Chandhoke, "Thinking through Social and
Economic Rights" 511
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 512• Daniel A. Bell and Joseph H. Carens, "The Ethical
Dilemmas of International Human Rights andHumanitarian NGOs: Reflections on a Dialoguebetween Practitioners and Theorists" 512
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 521• Lyal S. Sunga, "Dilemmas Facing NGOs in Coalition-
Occupied Iraq" 522
PROBLEM 10-3 523
PROBLEM 10-4 525
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 526Media Resources 527
END NOTES 527
xxii Table of Contents
11 PHILANTHROPY AND PUBLICSERVICE 535A. STRATEGIC PHILANTHROPY AND PUBLIC
POLICY 535• Paul Brest and Hal Harvey, Money Well Spent:
A Strategic Plan for Smart Philanthropy 536
PROBLEM 11-1 539
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 541
B. CORPORATE PHILANTHROPY 542• Matthew Bishop and Michael Green,
Philanthrocapitalism: How the Rich Can Save theWorld 544
• Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer."The Competitive Advantage of CorporatePhilanthropy" 547
PROBLEM 11-2 550
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 551Media Resources ^ 552
C. PRO BONO SERVICE BY LAWYERS 553• Deborah L. Rhode, "Rethinking the Public in
Lawyers' Public Service: Pro Bono, StrategicPhilanthropy, and the Bottom Line" 553
PROBLEM 11-3 559
NOTES AND QUESTIONS 559Media Resources 560
END NOTES 560
PART V. CONCLUSION—LEADERSHIPTHROUGH A WIDER LENS
12 LEADERSHIP IN LITERATUREAND FILM 565A. LEADERSHIP THROUGH THE LENS OF
NARRATIVE 565
B. LOST OPPORTUNITIES: THE DEATH OFIVANILYCH 5661. Historical Background 5662. Notes on the Novel 567
Table of Contents xxiii
QUESTIONS 568Bibliographic and Media Resources 569
C. LAW 569
1. Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) 569
QUESTIONS 570
2. Robert Bolt, A Man for All Seasons (1960) 570
QUESTIONS 573
D. POLITICS 574
1. Robert Penn Warren, All the King's Men (1953) 574
QUESTIONS 575
2. Kazuo Ishiguro, The Remains of the Day (1989) 576
QUESTIONS 578
3. Invictus (2009) 578
QUESTIONS 579
4. Anonymous [Joe Klein], Primary Colors (1996) 580
QUESTIONS 5> 581
E. BUSINESS 5811. George Bernard Shaw, Major Barbara, in The
Bodley Head Bernard Shaw: Collected Plays withTheir Prefaces, Volume III (1907) 581
QUESTIONS / 584
2. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Last Tycoon (1965) 584
QUESTIONS 5863. Allan Gurganus, "Blessed Assurance" in
White People (1991) 586
QUESTIONS 588
END NOTES 588
13 CONCLUSION 593A. THE NATURE OF LEADERSHIP 593
B. LEADERSHIP SKILLS 594
C. VALUES IN LEADERSHIP 595
xiv Table of Contents
D. LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES 596
E. THE LEGACY OF LEADERSHIP 597
END NOTES 598
Index 599
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