le corbusier
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LE CORBUSIER(October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965)
CONTENTS
About the architect
Early training
Theories of Le Corbusier
Quotes by Le Corbusier
Five point programme
CONTENTS
Volumetric description of the five points
The modular system
Works of Le Corbusier
Most famous buildings
Other important works
ABOUT THE ARCHITECT
DATE OF BIRTH: October 6, 1887
PLACE OF BIRTH: La Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland
NAME AT BIRTH: Born Charles-Edouard Jeanneret
DATE OF DEATH: August 27, 1965
ABOUT THE ARCHITECT
• Le Corbusier was a Swiss Architect Designer Urbanist Writer Painter
• Le Corbusier was famous for being one of the pioneers of Modern Architecture or International Style
EARLY TRAINING
Art education, La Chaux de Fonds
Studied modern building construction with Auguste Perret in Paris
Worked with Austrian architect Josef Hoffmann
THEORIES OF LE CORBUSIER
Le Corbusier's designs in architecture, urban planning and furniture, are based on his theory of functionalism and in the use of new symbols.
One of these is concept of flat roofs, that the introduction of the use of reinforced concrete in architecture made attainable.
THEORIES OF LE CORBUSIER
In his book Vers une architecture, Le Corbusier described "5 points of architecture" that became the guiding principles for many of his designs, most especially Villa Savoye.
An innovative urban planner, Corbusier anticipated the role of the automobile and envisioned cities with big apartment buildings in park-like settings.
QUOTES BY LE CORBUSIER
“A house is a machine for living in.”
“By law, all buildings should be white.”
“I prefer drawing to talking. Drawing is faster, and leaves less room for lies.”
“To create architecture is to put in order. Put what in order? Function and objects.”
FIVE POINT PROGRAMME
Le Corbusier developed a five point programme for a new and contemporary architecture:
The pilotis (posts) The roof garden The free plan The horizontal strip windows The free façade
VOLUMETRIC DESCRIPTION OF THE FIVE POINTS
The pilotis (posts) Use of columns to elevate the mass off of the ground
The roof garden The placement of plants on the roof to reintroduce nature to
the building therefore forming a connection with the outside The free plan
The use of columns to separate the space, vs. walls dividing the space
The horizontal strip windows The long horizontal sliding windows which provided a
horizontal feel to the building The free façade
The corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane, allowing it to just be a void, thin membrane or a window of any size
THE MODULAR SYSTEM
Le Corbusier explicitly used the golden ratio in his Modulor system for the scale of architectural proportion
Le Corbusier based the system on human measurements, Fibonacci numbers and the double unit
WORKS OF LE CORBUSIER
Le Corbusier’s early work was related to nature.
He developed the Maison-Domino, a basic building prototype for mass production with free-standing pillars and rigid floors.
WORKS OF LE CORBUSIER
During his long life, Le Corbusier designed buildings in Europe, India, and Russia. Le Corbusier also designed one building in the United States and one in South America.
The earlier buildings by Le Corbusier were smooth, white concrete and glass structures elevated above the ground. He called these works “pure prisms.”
In the late 1940s, Le Corbusier turned to a style known as "New Brutalism," which used rough, heavy forms of stone, concrete, stucco, and glass.
MOST FAMOUS BUILDINGS
1927-1928: Palace for the League of Nations, Geneva
1929: Villa Savoye, Poissy, France
1931-1932: Swiss Building, Cité Universitaire, Paris
1952: The Secretariat at the United Nations Headquarters, New York
OTHER IMPORTANT WORKS
1922: Ozenfant House and Studio, Paris1946-1952: Unité d'Habitation, Marseilles, France1953-1957: Museum at Ahmedabad, India1950-1963: High Court Buildings, Chandigarh, India1950-1955: Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Ronchamp, France1954-1956: Maisons Jaoul, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris1957-1960: Convent of La Tourette, Lyon France1958: Philips Pavilion, Brussels1961-1964: Carpenter Center, Cambridge, MA1963-1967: Centre Le Corbusier, Zürich, Switzerland
(1928-1931)
VILLA SOVAYE
INTRODUCTION
Year Of Construction: 1928-1931
Location: POISSY, FRANCE
Building Type: VILLA/ HOUSE
Construction system: CONCRETE AND PLASTERED UNIT MASONRY
Building Style: MODERNIST/ INTERNATIONAL STYLE
CONCEPT
As a paradigm of “the machine as a home”, a concept that impassioned Le Corbusier for years
Machine for living
Spatial dynamism
Polychromatic interior
White exterior
Spatial playground
No historical ornament
Abstract sculptural design
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Spiral Staircases
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Ramps
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Built-in Furniture
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
Plan of the building is square
Curves, ramp and grid of structure providing the basic counterpoint to the perimeter
Section illustrates the divisions of services and circulation zone below
Piano nobile above
Celestial zone of the solarium on top
DESIGN OF THE VILLA
Wonderful demonstration of Le Corbusier’s “five points of modern architecture”
Support of ground level pilotis
Functional roof- serving as a garden and terrace
Long horizontal windows for lightning and ventilation
Freely designed facades
Free-floor plan
Pilotis Functional Roof
DESIGN OF THE VILLA
Horizontal Windows Free Facade
DESIGN OF THE VILLA
DESIGN OF THE VILLA
Free Floor Plan
INTERNAL DETAILS OF THE VILLA
(1922)
OZENFANT HOUSE AND STUDIO
INTRODUCTION
Year of construction: 1922
Location: PARIS, FRANCE
Building Type: HOUSE AND ARTIST’S STUDIO
Construction System: STUCCO EXTERIOR FINISH
Building Style: EARLY MODERN
INTRODUCTION
It is an early example of 'minimal' architecture
This is the first work of Carbusier in Paris.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Column and flat slabA prototype of the Domino house It is a rectangular structure with only four load
bearing reinforced concrete members.The walls, then, could be opened up to sunlight
via wrap around glass windows.Not all five principles of new architecture are
usedHorizontal free façadeStandardization of the window on a human scale
PHILOSOPHY/ THEORY
The two facades are pure proportion, pure mathematics
Clear relationships between the façade and windows
Access to housing is generated in the façade that faces the side street
PHILOSOPHY/ THEORY
Covered and zigzagging staircase reaffirm their dominance
From inside the house painter’s study comes as a perfect cube of light with three glass-sided windows.
From the top floor, the views are the best and lighting is caused by three sides
SPATAIL ATTRIBUTES
Accommodation is at three levels:
First is located in the garage and part of the house
Second, reserved for study
Third, with the best view of lighting
(1955)
NOTRE DAME DU HAUT, RONCHAMP
INTRODUCTION
Year of construction: 1955
Location: RONCHAMP, FRANCE
Building type: CHURCH
Construction system: REINFORCED CONCRETE
Building style: EXPRESSIONST MODERN
CONCEPT
Spatial purity
Removal of typical modern aesthetic from the design.
Space to be meditative and reflective in purpose.
Extra ordinary use of light.
The proportions of the church are based on the modular system
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Simple, oblong nave, two-side entrances, an axial main altar and three chapels beneath towers
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Immensely powerful and complex structure
Comparatively small structure enclosed by thick walls
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Upturned roof supported on columns, embedded within the walls
The billowing roof of concrete was planned to slope towards the back
Distorted boat-like roof apparently floating over the walls
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
A fountain of abstract forms is placed on the ground
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
Windows of many sizes peircing the thick walls
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
In the interior, spaces are left between the wall and the roof
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
Asymmetrical light from the wall openings serve to further reinforce.
MATERIALS USED
Rough masonry walls faced with white washed gunite(sprayed concrete).
Roof of contrasting bet and brut.
Mostly used concrete and stone.
Small pieces of stain glass are set deep in the walls.
(1961 - 1964)
CARPENTER CENTER FOR THE VISUAL ARTS
HOVARD UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION
Year of construction: 1961 - 1964
Location: CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
Building type: UNIVERSITY ART CENTER
Construction system: REINFORCED CAST-IN PLACE CONCRETE MASONRY
Building style: MODERN
INTRODUCTION
It is the only building on the North American continent and one of the last to be completed during the lifetime of Le Corbusier.
CONCEPT
A building of such modern design in a traditional location
A building devoted to the visual arts must be an experience of freedom and unbound creativity.
The Carpenter Center represents Corbusier's attempt to create a "synthesis of the arts,"
The union of architecture with painting, sculpture, through his innovative design.
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
At the heart is a cubic volume from which curved studios pull away from one another on the diagonal.
The whole is cut through by an S-shaped ramp which rises from one street and descends towards the other.
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
The five levels of the building function as open and flexible working spaces for painting, drawing, and sculpture
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
The ramp through the heart of the building encourages public circulation and provides views into the studios, making the creative process visible through the building design.
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
The ondulatoires The brise soleils
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
Its wonderful collection of concrete forms bring together many of the design principles and devices from Le Corbusier's earlier works and the original Five Points from the 1920s 'accentuated in a new way
(1946 – 1952)
UNITE D’HABITATION
INTRODUCTION
Year of construction: 1946 - 1952
Location: MARSEILLES, FRANCE
Building type: MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING
Construction system: CONCRETE
Building style: MODERN
INTRODUCTION
One of the most famous buildings of Le Corbusier, also known as the “Radiant City”
It is a twelve-storey apartment block for 1600 people
CONCEPT
To provide quality life to lower class
To provide better living conditions for the residents of the crowded cities
To provide a communal living for all the inhabitants to shop, play, live, and come together in a “vertical garden city.”
Dominated desire to overcome the physical isolation of the individuals and families by grouping the community into the one large family structure
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Structurally it is simple: a rectilinear ferroconcrete gridinto which are slotted precastindividual apartment units.
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Pilotis and the Modulor system of dynamic proportion as represented on the exterior of the building.
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
The idea of the “vertical garden city” was based on bringing the villa within a larger volume that allowed for the inhabitants to have their own private spaces, but outside of that private sector they would shop, eat, exercise, and gather together.
The Unite d’ Habitation is essentially a “city within a city” that is spatially, as well as, functionally optimized for the residents.
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
There are shops, medical facilities, and even a small hotel distributed throughout the interior of the building.
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES
The roof becomes a garden terrace that has a running track, a club, a kindergarten, a gym, and a shallow pool.
MATERIALS
Reinforced concrete framing with model of relationship of individual units to the larger organization.
THE END
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