latin ii welcome-back review!

Latin IIWelcome-Back Review!

1st and 2nd declension nouns

DECLENSION REVIEW!

Nouns are the names of persons places or things.

Latin Nouns Have 4 Features

• Case---how a noun works in its sentence.• Number---whether a noun is singular or

plural (singular=one, plural=more than one)• Gender---whether a noun is masculine,

feminine, or neuter.• Declension---each noun belongs to one of

the 5 declensions: groups of nouns that share the same pattern of endings

In Latin, the use of the noun is determined by its case ending, not its

place in the sentence.

There are five cases:

• Nominative - subject and predicate nominative

• Genitive – possession• Dative - indirect object• Accusative - direct object • Ablative – (various)

1st Declension Nouns

• Let’s learn how to write a 1st declension noun on its “declension chart.”

• A declension chart shows the noun in all its cases (spellings).

• For example…

AQUA

AQUIS

AQUAS

AQUĀ

AQUAM

AQUARUM

AQUAE

1st Declension Nouns

• 1st declension nouns end in –ae in their genitive form (the 2nd form listed in the vocab list).

• Most 1st declension nouns are feminine.

aqua, aquae (feminine) :water

Step 1 – Find the noun stem

The noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun.

Dictionary entry of a noun:

Puella puellae, f. girl

Nominativesingular

Genitive singular

GenderMeaning

Puellae – ae = puell

Noun Stem

Finding noun stems

• aqua, aquae (f.)• aqu-• insula, insulae (f.)• insul-• silva, silvae (f.)• silv-• via, viae (f.)• vi-

In Latin, the endings indicate the case of the noun.

(Endings)Case Singular Plural

Nominative a aeGenitive ae arumDative ae isAccusative am asAblative ā isExample: insularum = plural genitive

Write these down!

Step 2: Add the case endings to the noun stem.

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Singular Plural

On your whiteboard, decline the following 2 nouns:via, viae (f.) and aqua, aquae (f.)

Let’s Review!

• 2ND DECLENSION: Nouns that have –i in their genitive singular are 2nd declension.

• amicus, amici (m.)• vir, viri (m.)• ager, agri (m.)

Step 1 – Find the noun stemThe noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun.

Dictionary entry of a noun:

servus servi, m. slave

Nominativesingular

Genitive singular

Gender Meaning

servi – i = serv-Noun Stem

Step 1 – Find the noun stemThe noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun.

Dictionary entry of a noun:

ager agri, m. field

Nominativesingular

Genitive singular

Gender Meaning

agri – i = agr-

Noun Stem

In Latin, the endings indicate the case of the noun.

servus, servi (m.) --- slave

Case Singular Plural

Nominative servus serviGenitive servi servorumDative servo servisAccusative servum servosAblative servo servis

By following the stem rule, a word like “ager” loses its “-e” after the first form.

ager, agri (m.) --- field

Case Singular Plural

• Nominative ager agri• Genitive agri agrorum• Dative agro agris• Accusative agrum agros• Ablative agro agris

Let’s Review: Neuter Nouns• 2nd declension neuter nouns have –um in the

nominative case and –i in the genitive case.• frumentum, frumenti (n.)• signum, signi (n.)

Find the noun stemThe noun stem is found by dropping the genitive singular ending from the noun.

Dictionary entry of a noun:

signum signi, n. sign

Nominativesingular

Genitive singular

GenderMeaning

signi – i = sign-

Noun Stem

Neuter Rule

• The nominative and accusative cases of neuter nouns always have the same endings.

• The plural nominative and accusative ending of neuter nouns is always –A.

Neuter Nouns have the same endings as masculine, except for 3 differences.

signum, signi (n.) --- sign

Case Singular Plural

Nominative signum signaGenitive signi signorumDative signo signisAccusative signum signaAblative signo signis

WARNING!

• We’ve seen that neuter nom/acc plurals end in –a.

• Remember that 1st declension singular words can end in –a, too!

• If a word ends in –a and is feminine or masculine, it’s singular. (It’s 1st declension.)

• puella, casa, agricola: girl, house, farmer

WARNING!

• If a word ends in –a and is neuter, it’s plural. (2nd declension neuter)

• signa, praemia, consilia: signs, rewards, plans• Look in the glossary or vocab list if you’ve

forgotten the gender.• It’s not magic…it’s just a matter of

looking up the gender!

Singular Plural

Nom. -a -aeGen. -ae -arumDat. -ae -isAcc. -am -asAbl. -a -is

Singular Plural

Nom. -us/-er/-ir -iGen. -i -orumDat. -o -isAcc. -um -osAbl. -o -is

Singular Plural

Nom. -um -aGen. -i -orumDat. -o -isAcc. -um -aAbl. -o -is

1st Declension

2nd Declension Masculine 2nd Declension

Neuter

Singular Plural

Nom. -a -aeGen. -ae -arumDat. -ae -isAcc. -am -asAbl. -a -is

Singular Plural

Nom. -us/-er/-ir -iGen. -i -orumDat. -o -isAcc. -um -osAbl. -o -is

Singular Plural

Nom. -um -aGen. -i -orumDat. -o -isAcc. -um -aAbl. -o -is

1st Declension

2nd Declension Masculine 2nd Declension

Neuter

Decline ancilla, ancillae (f.)

Decline ager, agri (m.) Decline oppidum, oppidi (n.)

Name That Declension!• umbra, umbrae (f.) shadow• oppidum, oppidi (n.) town• lupus, lupi (m.) wolf• luna, lunae (f.) moon• vir, viri (m.) man• nasus, nasi (m.) nose• mensa, mensae (f.) table

1st2nd (n.)

2nd (m.)1st

2nd (m.)2nd (m.)

1st

Give the CASE and NUMBER for the following forms.

• umbra• oppida• lupis• lunarum• vir• naso• mensā

• nasorum• viri• lupum• oppidi• umbram• lunae• mensas

Nom. Sg.Nom./Acc. Pl.

Dat./Abl. Pl.Gen. Pl.

Nom. Sg.Dat./Abl. Sg.

Abl. Sg.

Gen. Pl.Gen. Sg./Nom. Pl.

Acc. Sg.Gen. Sg.

Acc. Sg.Gen./Dat. Sg., Nom. Pl.

Acc. Pl.

Singular Plural

Nom. cura curaeGen. curae curarumDat. curae curisAcc. curam curasAbl. curā curis

Singular Plural

Nom. lupus lupiGen. lupi luporumDat. lupo lupisAcc. lupum luposAbl. lupo lupis

Singular Plural

Nom. lorum loraGen. lori lororumDat. loro lorisAcc. lorum loraAbl. loro loris

1st Declension

2nd Declension Masculine 2nd Declension Neuter