land use transportation and health. adult obesity: 1989 no data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%...
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Adult obesity: 1989Adult obesity: 1989
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 1991Adult obesity: 1991
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 1992Adult obesity: 1992
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 1993Adult obesity: 1993
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 1994Adult obesity: 1994
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 1995Adult obesity: 1995
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 1996Adult obesity: 1996
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 1997Adult obesity: 1997
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 1998Adult obesity: 1998
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 1999Adult obesity: 1999
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
No Data < 10% 10% - 14% 15% - 19% 20%
Adult obesity: 2000Adult obesity: 2000
(*BMI 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” woman)
Obesity = Diabetes High Blood
Pressure Heart Disease Stroke Arthritis Asthma Some cancers
Why does obesity matter?
Obesity and Disease Risk:
Modifiable Behaviors Associated with Deaths, US,
1990
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000
Illicit Drugs
Motor Vehicles
Sexual Behavior
Firearms
Toxic Agents
Infections
Alcohol
Inactivity & Diet
Tobacco
Three hundred thousand!
How much physical activity do we need each day to stay
healthy? 30 minutes physical activity 30 minutes physical activity (cumulative)(cumulative)
moderate level/most daysmoderate level/most days
Result: significant health benefitsResult: significant health benefitsSurgeon General’s Recommendation
Who says community design matters?
The Centers for Disease Control“Changes in the community
environment to promote physical activity may offer the most practical approach to prevent obesity or reduce its co-morbidities. Restoration of physical activity as part of the daily routine represents a critical goal.”
Dr. Jeffrey Koplan, Dr. William Dietz, CDC
“Automobile trips that can be safely replaced by walking or bicycling offer the first target for increased physical activity in communities.”
Dr. Jeffrey Koplan, Dr. William Dietz, CDC
Why Walking and Bicycling?
What about children going to school?
• Only 31% of trips under 1 mile are by walking
• Only 2% of trips under 2 miles are by bicycling
What is needed for healthy change?
Proactive Proactive encouragemencouragem
ent by ent by health care health care providersproviders
Proactive Proactive encouragemencouragem
ent by ent by health care health care providersproviders
Changes Changes in in
individual individual behaviorbehavior
Changes Changes in in
individual individual behaviorbehavior
Community Community designs that designs that
make walking & make walking & biking safe, easy biking safe, easy
& enjoyable!& enjoyable!
How do we create Active Community Environments?
Development patterns that improve the walking & biking environment
Street designs that improve pedestrian & bicycle convenience, comfort & safety
Mode Split Comparison:Europe and North America
data 1990or later
NetherlandsDenmark
Germany (western)Switzerland
SwedenAustria
Germany (eastern)England & Wales
FranceItaly
CanadaU.S.A.
0
20
40
60
80
100 BicycleWalkTransitAuto
Mode Split in Selected German Cities
compared to Portland by Population
MunichCologne
EssenStuttgart
DusseldorfBremen
HannoverPORTLAND
NurembergMeunster
KasselFreiberg
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%BicycleTransitWalkAuto
Larger population than PortlandSmaller population
than Portland
Mode Split in the Netherlandsby Trip Distance
BicycleTransit Walk Auto
Source: Statistics Netherlands, National Travel Survey, 1996
40%
26%
7%
40%
0-1.5 1.5-3 3-4.5 >4.5 All Trips
Distance (miles)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Percentage
29%
Travel Choices by Adults:Netherlands, Germany, USA
18-24 25-39 40-64 65-74 75+ 18-44 45-64 65-74 75+ 16-24 25-39 40-64 65+0%
20%
60%
80%
100%
Private Car
Public TransportBicycleWalk
The Netherlands Germany USA
40%
50% of people over 75 walk or bike
Increasing Bicycle Use in Portland
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Cyclists Per Day
0
50
100
150
200
250
Bikeway Miles
Miles of Bikeways
Bridge Bicycle Traffic
1992:
83 miles of bikeways
2,850 daily trips
2002:
238 miles of bikeways
8,250 daily trips
Mix of land usesSite designInterconnected
streetsHuman-scale design
Development patterns can improve the walking & bicycling environment
Mixed land use: schools, shops, parks close by To which store are To which store are
you more likely to you more likely to walk?walk?
Site design: getting to buildings on foot or by bike
How do you get there How do you get there from here?from here?
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