l ecture 5 – e lectronic w astes t raining workshop on environmentally regulated substances
Post on 12-Jan-2016
237 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
LECTURE 5 – ELECTRONIC WASTES
TRAINING WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTALLY REGULATED SUBSTANCES
OVERVIEW
Smuggling Routes What is E-waste? E-waste under the Basel Convention Secondhand Goods or Waste? Examples Challenges Impacts
2
3
QUANTITIES
49 million tons of e-waste generated globally in 2012
Projected to 33% to 65.4 million tons by 2017
Illegal WEEE exports from Europe to non-OECD countries estimated to be at least
300,000-500,000 tons
250,000 tons of e-waste per year illegally enter ports in W. Africa
4
GENERAL DEFINITION OF E-WASTE
Waste electrical and electronic equipment that is dependent on electric currents or electromagnetic fields in order to function (including all components, subassemblies and consumables which are part of the original equipment at the time of discarding). [USEPA]
Any appliance using an electric power supply that has reached its end-of-life [OECD]
Examples: fridges, air conditioners, washing machines,
microwave ovens, fluorescent light bulbs; computers and accessories, mobile phones, television sets and stereo equipment… 5
E-WASTE UNDER THE BASEL CONVENTION Waste electrical equipment generally falls under
Basel Convention definition of hazardous waste
E-waste is included in the Convention
Under Annex VIII A1180 - Waste electrical and electronic assemblies or scrap
Under Annex IX B1110 - Electrical and electronic assemblies
Regional and national requirements E.g., export of E-waste for any purpose to non-OECD
countries is forbidden in EU Waste Shipment Regulation 6
USABLE ELECTRONICS OR E-WASTE?
Packaging and stacking Is there appropriate protection against damage
during transportation?
Invoice of sale Statement that indicates that equipment had been
tested and is fully functional
Evidence of Evaluation or Testing Certificate of testing, proof of functional capability
Intent of shipper Declaration indicating that none of equipment or
materials within consignment is waste
7
USABLE ELECTRONICS OR E-WASTE?
equipment is not complete or essential parts are missing
it shows a defect that materially affects its functionality
it shows physical damage that impairs its functionality or safety
It has among its constituent part(s) hazardous components that are prohibited under national legislation.
Equipment and used equipment should normally be considered waste if:
8
WASTE OR NOT WASTE (CON’T)The protection against damage during
transport, loading and unloading operations is inappropriate, e.g. the packaging or stacking of the load is insufficient
The appearance is particularly worn or damaged, thus reducing the marketability of the item(s)
The item has among its constituent part(s) hazardous components that are required to be discarded or are prohibited to be exported or used in such equipment under national legislation; 9
WASTE OR NOT WASTE (CON’T)The equipment is destined for disposal or
recycling instead of reuse or its fate is uncertain;
There is no regular market for the equipment It is destined for cannibalization (to gain
spare parts); or
The price paid for the items is significantly lower than would be expected from fully functional equipment intended for reuse.
10
CAREFULLY PACKAGED MONITORS AND TVS?
11
CAREFULLY PACKAGED MONITORS AND TVS?
12
SMUGGLING METHODS FOR E-WASTE False declaration of shipping content
Secondhand goods, used electronic goods, personal effects, plastic scrap, mixed metal scrap
Concealment, e.g. behind legitimate commodities
Indicating fake destination and/or treatment
Shipment without prior informed consent
Falsified documents/declarations/certificates
Mixing hazardous and non-hazardous waste
Frequent ports of export US, Japan, Europe, Hong Kong
13
CHALLENGE: DEFINING E-WASTE
Does the shipment contain electronics that are useable second-hand goods or wastes?
Lack of clear criteria to distinguish second-hand electronics from waste SBC drafting definitions between waste and non-
waste 2012 European Union WEEE Directive provides
guidance
14
CHALLENGE: HAZARDOUS OR NON-HAZARDOUS
Electronic wastes likely contain hazardous substances
Testing difficult due to costs and complexity of applying sampling, screening and analytical techniques
15
CHALLENGE: TARGETING
Exporters may not declare goods as waste, even though they should be considered waste, for example when: Equipment is non-functional Equipment is not properly packaged Equipment is intended for disposal
Officials must develop decision-making process and relevant indicators for targeting e-waste shipments
16
CHALLENGE: COOPERATION Customs officers cannot combat illegal traffic
alone. Cooperate with relevant national environment
agencies for legal and technical information, equipment and facilities.
National environment agencies rely on customs agencies.
Cooperation between environment agencies, customs, port authorities, and police is crucial, along with agencies responsible for health, occupational safety issues, and national security
17
IMPACT OF E-WASTE
18
IMPACT OF E-WASTE
19
top related