key concept all cells need chemical energy. cell energy = atp atp = adenosine triphosphate
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4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.Cell Energy = ATPATP = Adenosine Triphosphate
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.
– Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.– ADP – adenosine diphosphate– ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is
added.triphosphateadenosine
adenosine diphosphate
tri=3
di=2
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Fats store the most energy.
– 80 percent of the energy in your body– about 146 ATP from a triglyceride
• Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Autotroph - manufacture own food
• most use photosynthesis– converts sunlight into chemical E– chemical E is stored in the form of sugars
Heterotrophs – rely on other sources for E
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
A few autotrophs do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.
• live in places that never get sunlight.
• Chemosynthesis– uses chemical E (S)
instead of light E to make food
– Chemosynthetic bacteria – hydrothermal vents
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs =producers
• Photosynthesis captures E from sunlight to make food – sugar
• Glucose• All sugars end in -ose• 2 phases of photosynthesis
1. light-dependent reactions
2. light-independent reactions
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Light and Pigments
1. visible spectrum – wavelengths the human eye can see
2. different colors have different wavelengths
3. Pigment - absorb specific wavelengths of light
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
crest
Trough
I------------------I wavelength
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast
Chloroplast contains pigments to capture light• Chlorophyll reflects green light & absorb all others• Carotenoids – reflect orange light & …• Anthocyanine – reflect purples and red light & …
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
The light-dependent reactions– Takes place in the grana (thylakoids)– water and sunlight are needed– chlorophyll absorbs E from sunlight
– water molecules are split – PhotolysisPhotolysis – H2O – H2O H + O H + O– E and hydrogen ions are passed on to the light-
independent reactions– oxygen is released as waste
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
The light-independent reactions
– Takes place in the Stroma – space between– needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere– Calvin cycle - Carbon fixationCarbon fixation
– use E from light dependent reaction to build a 6 carbon chain of sugar (glucose)
– C6H12O6
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Sugar is then transported to the roots, stems, and fruits of the plants
• sugar can be used, or stored as starch, and some is built into cellulose
• We obtain E from plants by eating the stored sugar
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplastchloroplast1
2
43
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Light Dependent Light Independent
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Glycolysis - splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
– C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C + C-C-C– Produces some ATP molecules– Takes place in cytoplasm
4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Aerobic
Anaerobic Respiration
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Aerobic Respiration
Two steps
1. Krebs Cycle
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Aerobic Respiration
1. The Krebs cycle – takes place in
mitochondrial matrix– breaks down pyruvic acid– makes a small amount of
ATP– releases carbon dioxide
6H O2
6CO 2
6O 2
mitochondrionmitochondrion
matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis
1
2
4
3
and
and
and
Krebs Cycle
4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Aerobic Respiration2. The Electron Transport Chain
takes place on the cristaeMakes a large amount of ATPWater is released as a waste product
4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
• The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.
4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen - Anaerobic
4.6 Fermentation
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.
1. glycolysis two pyruvate molecules
2. converts pyruvate into lactic acid– Muscle pain and weakness
4.6 Fermentation
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Fermentation and its products are important in several ways.
• Fermentation is used in food production.– Alcoholic fermentation
- energy is used to split pyruvate into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
- Yogurt, cheese, bread
4.6 Fermentation
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Fermentation is used in food production.
– yogurt
– cheese
– bread
4.6 Fermentation
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
CO2
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Extra Credit
• Create an alphabet picture book for middle school kids with ideas relating to cell biology
• Due: Monday Oct 22nd
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