k-33 endocrine system, fk usu,rev
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Dr. FITRIANI LUMONGGA
Dr. LITA FERIYAWATI
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Endocrine System Parts
yPituitary Gland
y Thyroid
y Parathyroids
yAdrenal Glands
y Pineal Body
y Reproductive Glands
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PITUITARY
GLAND
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The pituitary gland or hypophysis is a smallgland about 1 centimeter in diameter or the size
of a pea.
It is nearly surrounded by bone as it rests in the
sella turcica, a depression in the sphenoid bone.
The gland is connected to the hypothalamus of
the brain by a slender stalk called the
infundibulum.
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There are two distinct regions in the gland:
- the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and- the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
The activity of the adenohypophysis is controlled
by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
The neurohypophysis is controlled by nerve
stimulation
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THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF HYPOPHYSE
is the larger and is somewhat kidney-shaped, the
concavity being directed backward and
embracing the posterior lobe.
It consists ofa pars anteriorand a pars
intermedia, separated from each other by a
narrow cleft, the remnant of the pouch or
diverticulum.
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The pars anterioris extremely vascular and
consists of epithelial cells of varying size andshape, arranged in cord-like trabecul or alveoli
and separated by large, thin-walledbloodvessels.
The pars intermedia is a thin lamina closely
applied to the body and neck of the posterior
lobe and extending onto the neighboring parts of
the brain; it contains few bloodvessels andconsists of finely granular cells between which
are small masses of colloid material.
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The pineal organ is small, weighing little morethan 0.1 gram and only about 5 to 8 millimeters
long
It lies deep within the brain between the two
cerebral hemispheres and above the thirdventricle of the spinal column.
It has a rich supply of adrenergic nerve fibers
that greatly influence its secretions
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Unpaired gland very variable , frequentlyasymmetrical gland and highly vascular
Location: ant neck at C5-T1, overlays 2nd4th tracheal rings
Avg width: 12-15 mm (each lobe)
Avg height: 50-60 mm long
Avg weight: 25-30 g in adults (slightly more inwomen)
enlarges during menstruation and pregnancy
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This gland is found in the neck inferior to (below)
the thyroid cartilage (also known as theAdam'sapple in men) and at approximately the same
level as the cricoid cartilage
The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped organ and
is composed of two cone-like lobes or wings:
lobus dexter(right lobe) and lobus sinister(left
lobe), and is also connected with the isthmus
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The organ is situated on the anterior side of the neck,
lying against and around the larynx and trachea,
reaching posteriorly the oesophagus and carotid
sheath.
It starts cranially at the oblique line on the thyroid
cartilage (just below the laryngeal prominence orAdam's apple) and extends inferiorly to the fifth or
sixth tracheal ring.
It is difficult to demarcate the gland's upper and lower
border with vertebral levels because it movesposition in relation to these during swallowing.
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The thyroid gland is covered by a fibrous sheath, thecapsula glandulae thyroidea, composed of an
internal and external layer.
The external layer is anteriorly continuous with the
lamina pretrachealis fasciae cervicalis andposteriorolaterally continuous with the carotid
sheath.
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The gland is covered : Anteriorly with infrahyoid muscles
Laterally with the sternocleidomastoid
muscle.
Posteriorly the gland is fixed to the cricoidand tracheal cartilage and cricopharyngeus
muscle by a thickening of the fascia to form the
posterior suspensory ligament of Berry
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The thyroid isthmus is variable in presence and size,
and can encompass a cranially extending pyramid
lobe (lobus pyramidalis orprocessus pyramidalis),
remnant of the thyroglossal duct.
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VASCULAR
ANATOMY
ARTERIAL
VEIN
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ARTERIAL, There are three main arteries
supplying the thyroid gland:
Superior Thyroid Artery, a branch of the
external carotid artery
Inferior Thyroid Artery, a branch of the
thyrocervical trunkThyroid Ima Artery (occasionaly),
branching directly from the
brachiocephalic trunk
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VEIN, There are three main veins draining the
thyroid gland:
Superior Thyroid Veins, draining in the
internal jugular vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior ThyroidV
eins, draining via theplexus thyroideus impar in the left
brachiocephalic vein.
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PARATHYROID
GLAND
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y Usually two on each side (superior and inferior)
y Situated on the dorsal surface of the thyroid
gland
y
Form and size very variable, yellowish-browncolor and have uniform smooth and shining
surface
y Length 6-8mm, width 3-4mm, thickness
1,5-2mm
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PANCREAS
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Pancreas is a mixed gland as it performs both
endocrine and exocrine functions.
Pancreas is an elongated, yellowish gland.
It consists of lobules that secrete pancreatic
juice.
Interspersed at random among the lobules are
Islets of langerhans, which produce hormones.
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It presents for examination for a caput, a cauda
and a cauda pancreatisThe caput fills up the concavity of the pars
descendens and pars inferior duodeni and is
intimately united with their walls
Anterior and inferior surfaces are covered byperitoneum
Ductus pancreaticus wirsungi begins as a delicate
duct in the cauda , extends within the substance of
the gland to the right to the caput and gradually
enlarge as it receives numerous narrow branches
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y Two small flat bodies, wich lie directly medial
from and above the kidneys, one on each sidey The right is approximately triangular and sits
more upon the upper pole of the kidney
y The left approximately sickle-shaped and lies
more upon the margo medial of the kidney
y Facies posterior lies loosely upon the pars
lumbalis diaphragmatis
y
Facies anterior wich is in relation on the rightside with the impressio suprarenalis hepatis and
the v.cava inferior
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There are two parts, each of which makeshormones and has a different function.
y The outer part ( Adrenal Cortex)
y
The inner part (Adrenal Medulla)
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