jorg sommer - ship propulsion by renewable energies - natural propulsion 2013
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8/13/2019 Jorg Sommer - Ship Propulsion by Renewable Energies - Natural Propulsion 2013
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Ship propulsion by renewable
energies available at sea:
Innovations for utilisation
of wind and waves
Dr. rer. nat. Jrg Sommer
Januar 2013
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Preliminary remark 1
The next-but-one generation of vehicles will be
driven by hydrogen
The BMW path: Hydrogen driven combustion motors
The Mercedes-Benz path: Hydrogen fuel cell electric motor
Prototype for ferries of the future: Alsterwasser
Alsterwasser: Ferry for 100
passengers, Hamburg 2008,
driven solely by hydrogen.
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Preliminary remark 2
The hydrogen driven vehicles exist already but
not the infrastructure:
We have to look for intermediate steps. One of
them could beto produce hydrogen
aboard. This is the initial point of my furtherconsiderations.
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1. Sun alone isnt enough
Negative advertizing
A press release:
The huge freighter capable ofcarrying 6,400 automobiles isequipped with 328 solar panels ata cost of 150 million yen (1.68million dollars), the officials said.
The solar power system can generate40 kilowatts, which would initiallycoveronly 0.2 percentof theship's energy consumption forpropulsion, but company officialssaid they hoped to raise the ratio.
Auriga Leader, Japan 2008,60,213 gross tons
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33 PS or 32 hp for a superyacht
(31 m = 102 ft)
Even a special design
for maximal use of
sun power results indisappointing
performance.
Despite the fact, that
this is one of the most
beautiful solar ships
ever built.
The Tranor Planet Solar(loa 31m)
was entirely new designed for
maximal use of sun power, with 537
square meter solar panels.
Nevertheless she has to manage withonly 24 kW (32 hp).
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2. Energy by sails isnt storable
but they are the most effective
wind propulsors,
especially the newly developed
wing sails.
A wind turbine can do both:1. Drive the boat or
2. produce storableenergy.
But for (1) you need a gearand a screw, whichhave friction- andtransmission losses,and for (2) you need agenerator, a device to
store electrical energy,and a motor to drive thescrew, also withconversion losses.
BMW Oracle America's Cup boat Relevation II
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3. The developement of mobile
wave energy converters is
insufficient Fins: Not a good
solution!
Suntory mermaid IIreaches only
pedestrian mean
speed
Orcelle: performance
not known, but most
likely insufficient.
Suntory
Mermaid 2
(Hiroshi
Terao)
Orcelle
(Wallenius Wilhelmsen)
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Conclusion: All or none!
If you really want to promote the use of
renewable energies for ship propulsion,
you have to
Use allsources available on sea,
Make a new design,
Take care of storing energy.
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Primary energy and effective power
facts & figures about sun-, wind-, and wave energy
Example: Eco-Trimaran with realistic scenarios for method and location ofoperation
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Eco-Trimaran
The floates can moveabout their horizontal
cross axis (used for
wave power
conversion)
and about theirvertical axis
(necessary for
steering, avoiding of
torsional stress and
minimazation of drag)
The broad roof
is covered withsolar cells.
Wind turbine
of type H-
Rotor. In a
newer version
the two rotorsare side by
side
(interlocking)
and not
twisted.
Technical data: LOA = 24.6 m, displacement: 61 m3
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The movements of the floats in the waves (upper
animation) are at first converted into hydraulic pressure
(lower animation) and then into electric power (not shown)
the same principle as at Pelamis.
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Pelamis is a stationary wave power
convertor. Several machines of this type
deliver electrical power since years.
The Eco-Trimaran uses the same principle.
The only difference: His floats lie side by side and
not in a row.
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The same principle of wave power
conversion may be realized by
other types of ships
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Back to wind power:
How to combine the
benefits of a wind
turbine (energy
storage + ship
propulsion)and wing sail (direct
propulsion without
storage- and
transformation
losses)?
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Using a wind turbine as sail
Requirements:
H-rotor (vertical axis) with 2 vertical blades (not twisted).
Bracket for wind turbine.
Step motor, which may turn the rotor together with itsbracket in any position of a 360 circle.
Every blade is pivotable about its own longitudinal axis
by a step motor.
Process computer to steer the step motors and a specialsoftware.
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Change of operation from wind turbine to
wingsail
1. Stop the wind turbine by its bracket
2. Turn the rotor together with its bracket in a position
which
3. Turn each blade in an optimal sailing position
4. Enlarge the area of the blades and give them a sail
profile.
How the latter is achieved is shown on the next frame:
a) is optimal for using the blades as sails and
b) minimizes shadowing of solar panels on the roof
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From wing sail to blade and vice versa
State as blade in a H-
Rotor (wind turbine)
State as wing sail
hinge
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Topview
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Some further benefits of this
construction
As sail: Fully automatic sail trimm
Minimization of shadowing the solar panels
As wind turbine: Gain in efficiency by adaption of the blade angle to wind
direction (traditional H-rotor has fixed blades)
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Sun: Global radiation and effective power
Northern scenario (North Sea)
Southern scenario (Mediterranean)
E = 900kWh
Sum of radiation
energy per yearand 1 m2
(horizontal plane)
P1= 0.10 kW
P1= E / 8760 h
Mean radiationpower per 1 m2
(8760 is the number
of hours per year)
P2= P1* 100 m
2
Mean radiation
power arriving at
100 m2solar cells
P2= 10.27 kW
P3= P2 * 0.22
Power output of 100m2solar cells. 0.22
is their efficiency
coefficient
P3= 2.26 kW =
3.0 hp = 3.1 PS
E = 1800 kWh P1= 0.20 kW P2= 20.55 kWP3= 4.52 kW =
6.1 hp = 6.2 PS
Primary energy Effective power
Primary energy Effective power
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Wind: Speed and effective power
Northern scenario (North Sea)
Southern scenario (Mediterranean)
Primary energy Effective power
Primary energy Effective power
mean wind speed
in a definedhight, e.g. 50 m
(wind maps)
v1= 8 m/sec.
mean wind speed in hub
heightof 9.5 mv2= v1*(9.5/50)
0.12, where
0.12 is a roughness
coefficient for open sea
V2= 6.2 m/sec.
v1= 7 m/sec V2= 5.7 m/sec.
Wind power
per m2
P1= 0.61 * v2
3
0.61 is half air
density
wind power of a wind
converterwith an effectivearea of 111m2and degree of
efficiency of 0.29:
P2= P1* 111 * 0.29 /1000
P1= 148 WP2= 4.8 kW =
6.4 hp = 6.5 PS
P1= 115 WP2= 3.7 kW =
5.0 hp = 5.0 PS
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Waves
Northern scenario (North Sea)
Southern scenario (Mediterranean)
Primary energy Effective power
Primary energy Effective power
Significant wave hightHsand Period T (as
registrated by
detection buoys for
defined sea areas)
T = 5.5 s
HS = 3.3 m
Wave power per 1m
wave crest
P1= 0.5 * T * Hs2 (kW)
P1= 30 kW
T = 3.0 s
Hs= 1.29 mP1= 5 kW
power output of a wave line converter
with frontal width of 6.45 m, a degreeof efficiency of 0.7 (wave to wire) and
a free course relative to wave fronts:
reduction factor 0.7854
P2= P1* 6.45 *0.7* 0.7854 (kW)
P2= 106 kW =
143 hp = 147 PS
P2= 18 kW =
24 hp = 24 PS
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Comparison: Waves are by fare the
best energy source!
Scenario
Source North South best unit
Sun 2,3 4,5 5,5 kW
Wind 4,8 3,7 6,7 kW
Waves 106,0 18,0 319,1 kW
Sum113 26 331 kW
154 36 450 PS
But all things concidered: Is that enough for a super yacht (25 m = 81 ft)?
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Critical considerations
This figures are Means.
There are days with higher energy input, but also days with
less.
We must also take into account the power consumption
aboard.
a southern scenario like the mediterranian is a very favoredregionfor superyachts
not every owner likes strong windsand high waves.
Is there annother sourceof energy?
Sum113 26 331 kW
154 36 450 PS
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The forth source: Stored energy
The mooring timesmay be used for energy
storing.
Especially super yachts have longmooring
times in many cases 90% of the year! Hydrogenis proposed as storing medium; so
we take future proceedings into account.
We have a bridge Technology to the next-but-one generation of eco vessels.
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