japanese occupation of the korean peninsula
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Japanese Occupation of the Korean Peninsula: Key Points
Graeme H. Watkins
Japanese Colonialism
‘…Japan held Korea tightly, watched it closely, and pursued an organized, architectonic colonialism in which the planner and administrator was the model, not the swashbuckling conqueror; the strong, highly centralized colonial state mimicked the role that the Japanese state had come to play in Japan…’
-Korea's Place in the Sun by Bruce Cumings
(Via Han 2012)
Fig 1. Map detailing Japanese colonisation
Timeline; Law, War & Protest
Treaty of Ganghwa
• 1876
• Japanese navy – (unfair
)gunboat diplomacy
Sino-Japanese war I
ends
• April 17th 1896
• Korea recognised as
independent by China
Japan-Korea
Protectorate treaty
• Nov 17th 1905
• Korea made a
of Japan and given control
of trade
The Hague Secret Emissary
• 1907
• Emperor Gojong sends
emissaries to Hague second
peace conference, denied
as Japan took control of foreign
policy in 1905
Abdication of Emporer
Gojong
• July 18th 1907
• Due to Hague conference
intervention forced to abdicate
to son- Sun Jong
• Sun Jong rules for three years
prior to Japan’s official
annexation (1910)
Japan-Korea treaty of
1907
• July 24th 1907
• Gave power of Korea’s internal
affairs
• Only eight days after Sun Jong
was given the title of emperor
Korea-Japan Annexation treaty
• 1910 Aug 22nd
• New treaty renders Korea a
colony of the Japanese Empire
• August 29th treaty is put into
action
March 1st Movement
(1919)
• Group of Korean students
publish a statement asking for
freedom from colonial rule
• Peaceful protest conducted by
reading out the Korean
Declaration of Independence
Great Kanto Earthquake
• September 1st 1923
• During time of chaos many
Koreans accused of robbery,
and assassination
• Casuing Japanese officicals to
massacre an estimated 6-10
thousand Koreans in the Tokyo-
Yokohama area
June 10th Movement
• June 10th 1926
• Many people protest
after the death of
Emperor Sunjong
• Korean flag and flyers
printed
• Many captured by
Japanese military
• All but 7 released
• Jail time ranging from 1-
3 years
Soshi-Kaimei
• January 1st 1939
• Governor-general of Korea
created the act of Soshi-
Kaimei
• This put pressure on Koreans
to change their first and last
names to Japanese names
Victory over Japan
day
• August 15th 1945
• After the subsequent
bombings of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki, and
Japanese official
surrender Korea was
finally liberated
• A declaration of
independence was
announced
• Day referred to as
Japanese occupation
Quick facts
• Countless Korean cultural treasures stolen
• Items related to the previous dynasties destroyed or stolen
• Korean rice industry used to subsidise Japan’s food needs
• Rice imported from Manchuria (North of NK)
• Korean beef exported
• Nationalistic newspapers and literature suppressed
• Korean language supressed
• Koreans treated very poorly amongst Japanese colonials
Seikanron Debate (1873)
Yoshida Shoin advocates for capture of Korea as means of uniting the Japanese people, giving them a foothold in the Asian continent and protecting them from foreign threats
Saigo Takomori agreed, and wished to direct internal chaos created from the Meji restoration and hastey modernisation outward at JoesonKorea
Debate saw Japan leave Korea alone for the time being
Painting dated 1877 (3 years after debate)
What was life like for Korean’s in a Japanese occupied Korea?
Post Annexation (1910-45)
Koreans seen as ‘Japanese subjects’ but also a conquered people
Peaceful protests as part of March First saw Japan become more lenient toward Korean people
Korean print news was not allowed till 1921 and then later supressed in the lead up to the second Sino-Japanese war and the success of militaristic politics in Japan
US Library of Congress (1990)
Assassination of Ito Harabumi & what it meant for the Korean people
Japan’s first Prime Minister
October 6th 1909, Railway station in Harbin, Korean Nationalist Ahn Jeung-geun assassinates Harabumi
Ahn hanged a year later after Japan took colonial rule of Korea
Ahn hailed as a hero in modern day South Korea and China. With the opening of a memorial to Anh in South Korea (Japan Times)
In Japan the death of Harabumi was treated as a criminal case and worsened relations between Japan and colonial Korea
Yu Gwansun – A Korean Joan of Arc
“In Cheonan, Yu Gwan Sun (17) planned demonstrations for independence, and on March 31, 1919, Yu is remembered for lighting 24 torch beacons on Mt. Maebongsan, which inspired about 4,000 Cheonan citizens gathered at Aunae Marketplace to protest Japanese occupation shouting, “Long live Korean Independence!”
Often compared to the French Military leader Joan of Arc has a pivotal place in the Korean memory of Japanese occupation and is used by nationalists as a tool for reinforcing disparity among Korea and Japan
Massacre of workers during and post WWII
It was common place for Koreans killed after being used as foreign labourers; especially during waring periods where the construction of certain landmarks might have been sensitive information for the Japanese Empire.
Example case
Matsushiro, Outside Nagano, Tunnels built into Mt. Zou, large part of the work force was made up by Korean conscripts. Koreans being seen as a lower than Japanese were given more arduos tasks and had lower caloric intakes. Many starved. Official number of dead counted at around 300 but Korean numbers estimate around 1000, and believe mistreatment or torture may have been involved.
Japanese Imprisonment of Koreans
Seodaemun Prison
Used to imprison anticolonial; later moved to a different facility
Accommodated around 500 people
Tunnels were often used in Japanese colonial prisons to remove the corpses of malnourished, mistreated and tortured individuals
Unit 731; The Japanese HolocaustFocus on Korean POWs
Manchruia-based Kwantung Army’s department of Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department
Unit used to develop biological weapons from 1930s onwards
Was set-up with approval from Imperial and Army authorities by Ishii Shiro
Facilities set-up in Harbin (Manchuria) just above NK
Human experimentation carried out by units 731 and 1644
Used to infect Soviet water supplies with typhoid and drop smallpox virus on Chinese villages to weaken resistance
Also airdropped supplies rife with fleas infected by the plague (killed 106)
Attempted to pack bombs with diseases and pathogens
Via Nie et al (2013)
Korean involvement in the 2nd Sino-Japanese War/ World War II
Comfort Women
Young Korean Volunteers (1938) in 2nd Sino-Japanese War
Later Korean Conscripts (1943) in World War II
Dictation at Korean schools to be taught in Japanese
Shinto shrines built throughout Korea
Supreme belief in the Emperor and his connection to Shinto Origins to be taught in schools and paid lip-service in general
Reparations, Policy, Education and Japanese public opinion
Reparations for Atomic bomb survivors, comfort women and other forced labourers were reluctant and often not perceived as unnecessary by the Japanese government
Korean and Japanese textbooks share mixed views on Korean occupation or make no mention of it
Japanese textbooks still claim the Ogasawara islands (Dokdo Islands) are property of the Japanese Empire despite having lost most of its territories at the end of WWII
Reference List
Columbia University. (2009). KEY POINTS IN DEVELOPMENTS IN EAST ASIA 20th CENTURY: Korea as a Colony of Japan, 1910-1945. Available: http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_koreaimperialism.htm. Last accessed 9th Oct 2015.
Kyodo, AJ. (2014). Korean who assassinated Japan’s first leader honored in China. Available: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/01/20/national/korean-who-assassinated-japans-first-leader-honored-in-china/. Last accessed 19th Oct 2015.
Nie JB, Guo N, Selden M, & Kleinman A (2013).Japan's Wartime Medical Atrocities: Comparative Inquiries in Science, History, and Ethics Asia's Transformations. London: Routledge. p23-31.
Ponzio, R . (2009). The Peaceful Protests of Yu Gwan Sun: Korean Heroine. Available: http://hardcorepainting.blogspot.jp/2009/06/peacful-protests-of-yu-gwan-sun-korean.html. Last accessed 12th Oct 2015.
Sa, ES 2009, 'Development of Press Freedom in South Korea since Japanese Colonial Rule', Asian Culture and History, vol. 1, no. 2 (2009), pp. [*PAGES REQUIRED*].
U.S. Library of Congress. (1990). Korea Under Japanese Rule.Available: http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/7.htm. Last accessed 8th Oct 2015
Wang, A & Zheng, S . (2014). Korea Colonisation Timeline. Available: https://prezi.com/ihto1g7kqrv0/korea-colonisation-timeline/. Last accessed 18th Oct 2015..
Yamasa Institute . (2013). WWII Imperial Headquarters - Matsushiro.Available: http://yamasa.org/japan/english/destinations/nagano/tunnels.html. Last accessed 19 Oct 2015 .
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