january 17, 2013 pick up graded papers from round table you will be taking apq 19 have kp ready...
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January 17, 2013
•Pick up graded papers from round table•You will be taking APQ 19 have KP ready
HOMEWORK: Please Print and bring:HOMEWORK: Please Print and bring:
““A Dutch Massacre of the Algonquin” A Dutch Massacre of the Algonquin”
& “The Devastation of the Indies”& “The Devastation of the Indies”
When last we met…Humanism
Urbanization
Church Problems
Papal schism
Protestant Reformation
Questioning AuthorityLuther & Calvin
Scientific Revolution
Emergence of Nation-StatesHenry VIII
Louis XIV
Ferdinand & Isabella
THE NATION STATE
Why Europe?
“Age of Exploration”
I. Why not China?• Sailing the Indian
Ocean and China sea since 1st century BCE
• Had armed junks with multiple masts and sails since the 2nd century CE
• Junks had watertight compartments since 2nd century CE
•Chinese ships had axial rudder since 1st century CE
China invented the magnetic compass in the 12th century CE Chinese were more advanced with astronomy and celestial navigation
Voyages of Zheng He
•Sailed several naval expeditions to India, Persia, and Africa.
•Hundreds of ships and thousands of sailors.
•Some Ships were over 440 ft long and carried 1,000 men
In contrast, Columbus’ fleet only had three ships, the largest only 115 ft. long and carried 40 men.
Voyages of Zheng He(1405-33 CE)
1433-Chinese government launched no further expeditions.
1436-Emperor forbid building ships for overseas voyages.
While Spain and Portugal explored and claimed new lands, China withdrew from sea voyage.
Voyages of Zheng He
Why China did not explore the world
1. The Chinese government had an inadequate system of collecting taxes. Spending exceeded revenue.
2. Chinese believed that their civilization was superior to all others, so foreign goods were inferior, and there was little to learn from foreigners.
3. Neo-Confucian scholars held many important government posts. Their philosophy suppressed the desire for worldly things. So trade was held in contempt.
4. Mid-1400s, Mongols began frequently attacking China’s northern border.
Why China did not explore the world
II. Why Not Arabs?
• Arabs dominated Mediterranean and Indian Ocean since 9th centuryce
Arab dhow
Why Not Arabs?
•Arab ships weren’t as big as the Chinese, but they dominated spice islands of Malaysia, gold-rich Africa, and cotton/silk-producing Asia!
Indian Ocean Trade
•Arab merchants were ordained by the Prophet. “I commend the merchants to you, for they are the courtiers of the horizons and God’s trusted servants on earth.” ~Mohammed
Why Not Arabs?•Arabs had developed sophisticated methods of determining latitude
Astrolabe & QuadrantWhen a sailor loses sight of land, he must
have a method of determining his direction. Astrolabe - determining latitude - a simple wooden or brass stick with degrees marked around its edgeQuadrant - A quarter circle measuring 0 to 90 degrees marked around its curved edge.
Ibn Battuta (14th century)
•Arabs traveled for discovery. Ibn Battuta, an Islamic historian traveled over 75,000 miles, making him one of most traveled men of his age. He visited India, China, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, and the African interior as far south as the Niger River.
Ibn Battuta (14th century)
His achievements are historically significant; however, since he was often a passenger on voyages and the not the primary explorer he is often overlooked in history books.
III. European IncentiveThe Crusades brought knowledge and goods from Asia and the Islamic world.
European IncentiveThe Mongol Empire had fostered trade
between east and west; but it’s collapse disrupted this trade.
European IncentiveAsian spices improved European food.
But spice had to be bought from Arab merchants whoBecame Wealthy at the expense Of Europe.
Trade disadvantage of Europe1. Lack of trade items; other than gold
and silver, Europe had nothing that the east wanted. This led to a drain of wealth in Europe. (imbalance of trade)
2. Lack of technology; Europe did not have the technology to conquer or bypass the Arab world.
Trade disadvantage of Europe3. Geography; Europe was isolated from Asia. They wereforced to relyon Arab merchantsthat acted as themiddle men in this trade network.
Technological changes of the 15th century
1. Better ships; Europeans developed
deep-draft ships capable of carrying
heavy loads
on the
Atlantic
Ocean.
Technological changes of the 15th century
2. Magnetic compass; Europe adopted the compass from the Arabs who themselves got it from the Chinese.
Tchnological changes of the 15th century
3. Mapmaking; Mapmaking enhanced
by humanism
from the
Renaissance
became more
accurate.
European technological changes of the 15th century
4. Gunpowder; Europe adopted the knowledge of gunpowder from the Chinese.
5. Metalwork; European advancements in metalworking allowed blacksmiths to create the first guns and cannons.
IV. Portuguese ExplorationPrince Henry “The Navigator.” He established a naval
observatory for the teaching of navigation, astronomy, and cartography.
Portuguese Exploration
Prince Henry sent expeditions down the west coast of Africa to outflank the Muslim hold on Asian trade routes.
Portuguese Exploration
27 years after Henry's death Bartolomu Dias’ ship rounded the Cape of Good Hope in [1487].
Portuguese Exploration
In 1497 Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape and continued sailing along the eastern coast of Africa. He located a route to India, but had to contend with Arab strongholds.
Portuguese Exploration1502- deGama returns with 14 heavily armed
ships to defeat the Arab fleet. 1511- the Portuguese control the Spice routes. 1513- Portuguese trade extended to China and Japan.
V. Spanish ExplorationPortuguese success inspires Columbus to sail west in search of a new route to Southeast Asia (India)
Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who wanted to increase Spanish power. Reconquista”-Spain had recently defeated the Muslims (Moors) in Spain and needed wealth to maintain control.They were also eager to Christianize the East.
Spanish ExplorationColumbus reaches the Caribbean which he believes to be the East Indies
For GoldFor God For Glory
Spanish Crown
Line of Demarcation2 catholic countries vying for territory in the new world.1494 Pope (Alexander VI)
Spain has the right to claim land west of the linePortugal has the right to claim land east of the line
Treaty of Tordesillas
Big Ten Explorers
Sailed for Spain on behalf of King Ferdinand and Queen IsabellaSailed west to IndiesLanded on the Bahamas
Columbus
2 min. video
Magellan
Searched for passage to Pacific OceanSailed through “straits of Magellan”Died in PhilippinesCrew lst to circumnavigate the world
CabotSailed for EnglandLanded on coast of New-foundlandGave England claim to North America
Ponce de Leon1st to land on the mainland of North America (Florida)Looking for the “fountain of youth”Established
St. Augustine, FL
De SotoSailed for Spain
Explored Mississippi River & Present-day Oklahoma
CoronadoLooking for fabled seven cities of gold
Explored present-day Arizona and New Mexico
CortesSpanish Conquistador
Conquered Aztec empire under rule of Montezuma II
BalboaSpanish Explorer
Claimed Pacific Ocean and all adjoining lands for Spain
PizzaroConquered the Inca Empire
VespucciAmerigo VespucciMap makerFirst to call America a “new world”.America was named after him
Triangular TradeTriangular Trade The The Pattern Pattern of trade in the Atlanticof trade in the Atlantic
The Columbian ExchangeWhat was traded
Columbian Exchange
From AmericaCorn/maize
Potatoes
Beans
Chocolate
Buffalo
Beaver
Parrots
Pineapples
Squash
Tomatoes
Peanuts
Chilis
Chocolate
Avocados
Tobacco
Syphillis
Columbian ExchangeFrom Europe
Small Pox
Influenza
Measles
Slaves
Wheat
Bananas
Grapes
Melons
Sugar
Coconuts
Olives
Rice
Figs
Honeybees
Cattle
Pigs
Chickens
Rabbits
Horses
Sheep
Goats
Rats
“Letter from Christopher Columbus to King Ferdinand”
What is Columbus’ POV?
His motive?
Was his voyage successful?
Kirkpatrick Sale “The Conquest of Paradise”
1. “Thinking Historically”
2. Read your assigned excerpt.• Focus on Sales point of view and analysis of
Columbus’ letter.
? ? ?“The absence of evidence is not the same as evidence
of absence”
What did Columbus accomplish?
Was his voyage successful? According to?
POV: Author? Purpose or intent?
What effect does this have on your view of this historic event?
Is Columbus a villain or merely ethnocentric?
The End!
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