jane addams and hull house settlement houses in context yvonne ford advisor for academic english in...
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Jane Addams and Hull HouseSettlement houses in context
Yvonne FordAdvisor for Academic English in Fb4
Industrial revolution
Away from manual labour, supported by animals, largely in the countryside
To machine-based manufacturing
Major turning point in human history
Social and cultural change
Friedrich Engles, The condition of the working class in England in 1844,
spoke of
"an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society."
England
Natural resources Large work force Favourable climate Protestant work ethic
Textiles
Steam power
Iron founding
Ruhr Valley was referred to as „Miniature England“
Second industrial revolution
Chemical industries Petroleum refining Electrical industries
later the automotive industry
Late 1890‘s – first global corporations
Factories
Child labour, cheap and effective Low wages, long working hours Accidents
First laws restricting child labour were passed in 1833 and 1844
Resistance
From craft workers (cottage industries) From agricultural workers Unions and co-operatives
Strikes, riots
Imprisonment or deportation
Marxism, Romanticism (nature)
Crowded housing
Poor sanitation Small houses Contaminated water Diseases (cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid,
chest diseases due to mining)
Effects of industrialisation
Increase in life expectancy Despite diseases, children lived longer Expansion of transportation
Railways, roads, shipping
Printing – rising literacy
Information Demand for participation
Immigration to the USA
1840 84,000 Europeans to USA 1850 369,000 1890 450,000
Many of these immigrants were sick and weak, suffered from being displaced.
Germans in Chicago
From 1850, when Germans constituted one-sixth of Chicago's population, until the turn of the century, people of German descent constituted the largest ethnic group in the city, followed by Irish, Poles and Swedes.
In 1900, 470,000 Chicagoans - one out of every four residents - had either been born in Germany or had a parent born there.
http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/512.html
Stresses of immigration
The number of Germans who killed their wives or daughters was higher than in other immigrant groups. The men who murdered their wives were not only the unskilled workers but also semi-skilled and skilled.
Frequently the men then attempted or committed suicide.
The killings were often preceded by a history of wife-beating.
Adler, Jeffrey S., First in violence, deepest in dirt: homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920, Harvard University Press, 2006
Other immigrant groups
Italian and Irish men also committed family murders, often saying they had exploded in rage. Domestic violence played a role in these families as well. The stresses of the workplace, family tension and suspicion of adultery are some of the factors named.
Response to these problems:social activism Political patronage Church based missionaries, urban missions,
social gospel Friendly visitors and case conferences of
experts Settlement movement Call for scientific charity
Secular, rational, empirical
Friendly visiting
Focus on helping individuals, trying to help them avoid becoming dependent on outside help
Focus on self-sufficiency and personal responsibility
Case conferences – knowledgeable people cooperating to help individuals and families
Mary Richmond
Charity Organization Society (COS) In 1897 she presented a paper at the
National Conference entitled „The Need of a Training School in Applied Philanthropy“
„We can never acquire a professional standard until we have a school.“
Settlement movement – 3 R‘s
Research Reform Residence
First was Toynbee Hall in London Later in the USA
In USA settlement houses were founded by university-educated women 1889 New York 1892 Philadelphia and Boston
1889 Hull House in Chicago Opened by Jane Addams and Ellen Starr
Vision of the settlement houses
Desire for actual social democracy, including women‘s suffrage
Desire to share the common interests and problems of life, beyond class divisions
Renaissance of the community spirit of the early Christian church (communal spirit)
„Living among those very poor people, my sense of values changed curiously.“ Vera Scudder, founder of one of the settlement houses
Settlement house „caught on“
1891 6 houses 1896 44 1913 413 houses in 32 states
Jane Addams
Youngest of four children Bachelor of Arts degree in 1882 Traveled to Europe 1883 – 1885 and 1887-
1888, saw poverty in Europe and efforts to alleviate it (Toynbee Hall)
Opened Hull House in 1889 with friend Ellen Gates Starr
Jane Addams 1888 - 1892
Hull House
Hull House neighbourhood
Mix of ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago: Little Italy Germans Jews (from Russia) Greek Irish Canadian-French
Open to all groups, no discrimination due to race, language, creed (beliefs) or tradition
Activities
Reseach (gathering information about problems and their causes)
Social reform (education, labor legislation, municipal reform, child welfare)
Club work (informal education and recreation for children, youth groups, and adults. Volunteers led the groups.)
Significance of club work
Clubs could draw out the latent potential of the members.
They learned to work together, learned mutual understanding and a sense of democracy and participation, civic responsibility.
Hull House activities
Ethnic evenings – food, music, dancing and presentations
Kindergarten – for children whose mothers were at work
Dispensary – nutritious food was given to sick persons
Medical assistance – when there was no doctor available
First public playground – led to the foundation of the National Playground Association
Nursery at Hull House
Further activities
Education and political reforms – first juvenile court in America, branch library system
Theater – American Little Theater Movement
Child labour laws
Occupational safety, health provisionsImmigrant rights and pension laws
Addams lived in Hull House for 40 years, used her inheritance to support the activities.
Pacificism
She wrote „Newer Ideals of Peace“ in 1907 and became known as a pacifist. This brought her much ridicule and censure in the USA.
She was also active in the international peace movement and founded the Women‘s Internation League for Peace and Freedom.
International Conference, The Hague
Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, shared with Nicholas Murray Butler. She had a reputation as the „Mother of the World.“
Addams shared her life for 30 years with her dearest friend Mary Rozet Smith; Smith died in 1934.
Addams and Smith
Jane Addams died in 1935 and was buried in Cedarville, Illinois, her birthplace.
Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5R6GajHiJyk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mDcgQDY2k4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VOw6v-S5O4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJhAyD-Peig&feature=related
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