israeli-palestinian conflict israeli-palestinian conflict
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Israeli-Palestinian Israeli-Palestinian ConflictConflict
Background to ConflictBackground to ConflictPalestine part of Palestine part of Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire until end W W Iuntil end W W I
backwater for much backwater for much of its history under of its history under Ottoman ruleOttoman rule
in later 19th. century in later 19th. century economic economic development - development - farming, better farming, better communications, communications, ports, and ports, and population increase population increase
Jewish population Jewish population also increasing - also increasing - possibly 100,000 by possibly 100,000 by 1914, but still 1914, but still minorityminority
ZionismZionismsince diaspora Jews since diaspora Jews had lived in many had lived in many landslands
persecution a common persecution a common experience - Crusades, experience - Crusades, Russia, eastern EuropeRussia, eastern Europe
emergence of Zionism emergence of Zionism in late 19th Cin late 19th C
influence of new influence of new nationalistic nationalistic movements and movements and imperialistic/racist imperialistic/racist spiritspirit
religious impulse also a religious impulse also a factor in shaping factor in shaping Zionism - hasten Zionism - hasten coming of Messiahcoming of Messiah
Theodore Herzl’s book Theodore Herzl’s book The Jewish StateThe Jewish State (1896) - (1896) - Dreyfus contextDreyfus context
the following year the the following year the World Zionist World Zionist Organization held its Organization held its first meetingfirst meeting
“ “ a land without people a land without people for a people without for a people without land”land”
Ottoman opposition to Ottoman opposition to Jewish immigration, but Jewish immigration, but support from Germany, support from Germany, Britain and RussiaBritain and Russia
increased Jewish increased Jewish immigration into immigration into Palestine - Jews 14% of Palestine - Jews 14% of population by 1914 population by 1914
with funding from Baron with funding from Baron de Rothschild and Jewish de Rothschild and Jewish organizations the Jewish organizations the Jewish community in Palestine community in Palestine was able to invest in land was able to invest in land purchases, farming, and purchases, farming, and commercial endevourscommercial endevours
Tel Aviv founded on land Tel Aviv founded on land bought from Turks in bought from Turks in 19091909
increased friction increased friction between Jews and other between Jews and other Palestinians - land Palestinians - land boundariesboundaries
Jews often created Jews often created separatist communitiesseparatist communities
incidents of Arab-Jewish incidents of Arab-Jewish violence violence
Arab nationalism also Arab nationalism also developed in late developed in late 19th C19th C
Young Tuks Young Tuks movement in movement in Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire helped spread helped spread nationalist ideas nationalist ideas across Arab worldacross Arab world
origins of Palestinian origins of Palestinian national identity national identity linked to 19th C linked to 19th C developmentsdevelopments
resistance to resistance to Egyptian rule in 1834; Egyptian rule in 1834; Ottoman reforms and Ottoman reforms and Jewish Jewish encroachments also encroachments also helped shape identityhelped shape identity
Impact World War IImpact World War I
Turkey had sided with Turkey had sided with Germany - attacked by Germany - attacked by Russians and BritishRussians and British
British helped to organize British helped to organize revolts among Arabs in revolts among Arabs in Middle EastMiddle East
resources and location of resources and location of Middle East vital to British Middle East vital to British foreign policyforeign policy
British gained support of British gained support of Emir Hussein, guardian of Emir Hussein, guardian of holy cities Mecca and holy cities Mecca and MedinaMedina
British promised to support British promised to support Arab independence, with Arab independence, with exceptionsexceptions
Arabs rose in revolt; Arabs rose in revolt; British forces advanced British forces advanced from Egyptfrom Egypt
Jerusalem occupied by Jerusalem occupied by British forces by end British forces by end 19171917
secret agreements secret agreements (Sykes-Picot) between (Sykes-Picot) between British and French British and French divided Middle East - divided Middle East - Palestine, cosidered Palestine, cosidered ‘international sphere’‘international sphere’
November, 1917 November, 1917 Balfour Declaration - Balfour Declaration - British government British government gave its formal support gave its formal support to the creation of a to the creation of a Jewish homeland in Jewish homeland in PalestinePalestine
Balfour Declaration Balfour Declaration sowed seeds of future sowed seeds of future conflictconflict
early decades of 20th early decades of 20th C Zionism formulated C Zionism formulated creation of Jewish creation of Jewish homeland in Palestine homeland in Palestine - motives: escape - motives: escape pogroms and realize pogroms and realize redemptionredemption
Zionism supported by Zionism supported by ‘millenarian’ and ‘millenarian’ and colonial ideas of Lloyd colonial ideas of Lloyd GeorgeGeorge
until 1928 Britain treated until 1928 Britain treated Palestine as a state, not a Palestine as a state, not a colonycolony
British proposals: provide British proposals: provide equal representation for both equal representation for both communities communities
Zionists, however, favored in Zionists, however, favored in proposed Legislative Councilproposed Legislative Council
following rejection by both following rejection by both sides and British failure to sides and British failure to implement plan uprising by implement plan uprising by Palestinians broke out in 1929Palestinians broke out in 1929
riots between Jews and riots between Jews and Palestinians over access to Palestinians over access to the Western(Wailing) Wall - the Western(Wailing) Wall - members of both members of both communities diedcommunities died
1931 Palestine’s 1931 Palestine’s population-1 million; Jews population-1 million; Jews 17%17%
increased Jewish increased Jewish immigration from Nazi immigration from Nazi GermanyGermany
Palestinians threatened by Palestinians threatened by growth in number of growth in number of Zionist colonies (300)Zionist colonies (300)
Jews represented by World Jews represented by World Zionist Organization (Ben-Zionist Organization (Ben-Gurion and Chaim Gurion and Chaim Weizmann) sought to Weizmann) sought to create socialist Jewish create socialist Jewish state in Palestinestate in Palestine
Hagana represented the Hagana represented the military arm of the Jewish military arm of the Jewish Agency (Governing Body)Agency (Governing Body)
David Ben-GurionDavid Ben-Gurion
Born in Poland; Born in Poland; influenced by Zionist influenced by Zionist ideologyideology
‘‘Father of the Nation’ - Father of the Nation’ - served as Prime served as Prime Minister of Israeli stateMinister of Israeli state
following WW II he following WW II he worked to bring an end worked to bring an end to the Mandate systemto the Mandate system
‘‘Arabs will have to go’Arabs will have to go’
dominant leader in the dominant leader in the Jewish AgencyJewish Agency
1936 Uprising1936 Uprising
Palestinians rebel against Palestinians rebel against British ruleBritish rule
Palestinian leader - Palestinian leader - Grand Mufti HusseiniGrand Mufti Husseini
British increase number British increase number of forcesof forces
growing sense of growing sense of Palestinian nationalismPalestinian nationalism
revolt resulted in forced revolt resulted in forced exile of Palestinian exile of Palestinian leadershipleadership
helped prepare way for helped prepare way for Zionist takeover Zionist takeover
by late 1930’s Zionists had by late 1930’s Zionists had carved out enclavescarved out enclaves
with British military assistance with British military assistance (Orde Wingate/ ‘dirty Arabs’)) (Orde Wingate/ ‘dirty Arabs’)) they built up their forcesthey built up their forces
learned tactics from British; learned tactics from British; accompanied them on ‘punitive accompanied them on ‘punitive missions’ against Palestinian missions’ against Palestinian villages - ‘Night Squads’villages - ‘Night Squads’
Hagana also helped create Hagana also helped create detailed registry of Palestinian detailed registry of Palestinian villages - key economic, political villages - key economic, political and intelligence informationand intelligence information
Irgun (1938) attacks Irgun (1938) attacks PalestiniansPalestinians
preparation for ‘redemption’ of preparation for ‘redemption’ of landland
Partition ProposalsPartition Proposals
1937 Royal Peel 1937 Royal Peel Commission - Commission -
three-way division pf three-way division pf PalestinePalestine
proposals rejected proposals rejected
on eve of WW II British on eve of WW II British adopt new policy - adopt new policy - single Palestine and single Palestine and limitation on Jewish limitation on Jewish immigrationimmigration
WW II - some support WW II - some support from Arabs and Jews for from Arabs and Jews for British cause; but British cause; but radical elements(Irgun) radical elements(Irgun) on Jewish side opposed on Jewish side opposed BritishBritish
following WW II British following WW II British Labor government sought Labor government sought democratic solution to democratic solution to Palestine QuestionPalestine Question
British (Bevin) limited British (Bevin) limited Jewish immigrationJewish immigration
Zionist forces led by Ben-Zionist forces led by Ben-Gurion retaliatedGurion retaliated
attacks on British rule - oil attacks on British rule - oil refineries, bridges, police refineries, bridges, police stationsstations
most infamous incident - most infamous incident - King David hotel in King David hotel in Jerusalem (1946)Jerusalem (1946)
Ben-Gurion mixed signals Ben-Gurion mixed signals on partition optionon partition option
Palestine in 1947Palestine in 1947
still a majority still a majority Arab population; Arab population; but Jewish but Jewish presence had presence had grown to grown to approximately approximately 30%30%
most cultivated most cultivated land owned by land owned by PalestiniansPalestinians
Jews located in Jews located in cities and cities and coloniescolonies
colonies designed colonies designed as military as military garrisonsgarrisons
Truman pushed for further Truman pushed for further Jewish immigration into Jewish immigration into PalestinePalestine
rejected by Britishrejected by British
proposal for ‘canton’ solution to proposal for ‘canton’ solution to Palestine question rejected by Palestine question rejected by Palestinians and JewsPalestinians and Jews
United Nations now involved in United Nations now involved in ‘solving’ problem‘solving’ problem
United Nations Special United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) produced two reports(UNSCOP) produced two reports
majority report followed earlier majority report followed earlier Peel planPeel plan
rejected by Britain and rejected by Britain and PalestiniansPalestinians
UNSCOP partition UNSCOP partition planplan
General Assembly General Assembly Resolution 181 - Resolution 181 - Nov. 1947Nov. 1947
two states, both two states, both democraticdemocratic
Jerusalem under Jerusalem under international international controlcontrol
criticisms of UNSCOP plan criticisms of UNSCOP plan
unfair distribution of land unfair distribution of land - Palestinian (43.5%), - Palestinian (43.5%), Jews (56.5%)Jews (56.5%)
Jews had acquired more Jews had acquired more fertile regionsfertile regions
Arab League and Arab Arab League and Arab Higher Committee refuse Higher Committee refuse to negotiate with UNSCOPto negotiate with UNSCOP
UN ignored ethnic UN ignored ethnic composition of Palestinecomposition of Palestine
Jews ‘compensated’ for Jews ‘compensated’ for HolocaustHolocaust
Ben-Gurion ready to Ben-Gurion ready to accept partition, but accept partition, but reserved right to change reserved right to change it by force - “no territorial it by force - “no territorial boundaries for the future boundaries for the future of the Jewish state”of the Jewish state”
the Consultancy, a select the Consultancy, a select group of Jewish political group of Jewish political and military figures and military figures devised plans to devised plans to dispossess 1 million dispossess 1 million PalestiniansPalestinians
systematic ethnic systematic ethnic cleansing began - Plan D cleansing began - Plan D (1948)(1948)
Arab and Jewish militias Arab and Jewish militias (Hagana and Irgun) (Hagana and Irgun) fought to control fought to control PalestinePalestine
1st phase of conflict - 1st phase of conflict - Nov. 1947- May 1948Nov. 1947- May 1948
Palestinians joined by Palestinians joined by forces supported by forces supported by Arab League to defend Arab League to defend against Zionist attacksagainst Zionist attacks
Jewish Agency under Jewish Agency under Ben-Gurion Ben-Gurion coordinated Zionist coordinated Zionist strategystrategy
Jews most vulnerable Jews most vulnerable in Jerusalemin Jerusalem
by late spring 1948 by late spring 1948 Jews under pressureJews under pressure
process of ethnic process of ethnic cleansing beginscleansing begins
Irgun and other Zionist Irgun and other Zionist forces, commanded by forces, commanded by Menachem Begin and Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Shamir, attacked Yitzhak Shamir, attacked Palestinian village of Deir Palestinian village of Deir Yassin Yassin
villagers slaughteredvillagers slaughtered
both sides used incident as both sides used incident as propaganda in strugglepropaganda in struggle
Einstein’s commentsEinstein’s comments
by April 1948 as many as by April 1948 as many as 200,000 Palestinians had 200,000 Palestinians had fled their homesfled their homes
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