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This material is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, under award numbers 2015-34383-23710, 2017-34383-27100, and 2019-34383-29973 with substantial
cooperation and support from the State Agricultural Experiment Stations and USDA-ARS.
Environmental Horticulture Program Research Summaries
IR-4 Environmental Horticulture Program Bittercress Efficacy
Cardamine flexuosa Cardamine hirsuta
Authors: Ely Vea, Kathleen Hester and Cristi Palmer Date: June 8, 2020
Acknowledgements Susan Bierbrunner
Lori Harrison Karen Sims
2
Table of Contents
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................... 2
Table of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................................... 5
Results and Summary ............................................................................................................................. 7
Comparative Efficacy on Bittercress .................................................................................................. 7
Boydston, 2008 ................................................................................................................................... 8
Gilliam, 2008 .................................................................................................................................... 10
Neal, 2008 ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Regan, 2008 ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Senesac, 2008 ................................................................................................................................... 15
Wilen, 2008 ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Gilliam, 2009 .................................................................................................................................... 20
Senesac, 2009 ................................................................................................................................... 23
Senesac, 2011 ................................................................................................................................... 24
Derr 2017 .......................................................................................................................................... 26
Senesac 2018 & 2019 ....................................................................................................................... 27
Efficacy Summary by Product/Active Ingredient ............................................................................ 28
Label Suggestions ................................................................................................................................. 35
Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers ................................................................................................. 36
3
Table of Tables
Table 1. List of Products and Rates Tested from 2008 to 2019. ........................................................ 6
Table 2. General Summary of Early Postemergence Efficacy for Bittercress. .................................. 8
Table 3. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides Applied to Bittercress (Cardamine sp.) - Stage 0,
Boydston, 2008. .............................................................................................................................. 9
Table 4. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Stages 1 and 2 Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta),
Boydston, 2008. ............................................................................................................................ 10
Table 5. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Bittercress (Cardamine sp.), Gilliam, 2008. ..... 12
Table 6. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Bittercress (Cardamine flexuosa) – Stage 0, Neal,
2008 13
Table 7. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine flexuosa) –
Stages 1 and 2, Neal, 2008 ........................................................................................................... 14
Table 8. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) – Stage 0, Regan
2008. 15
Table 9. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) –
Stages 1 and 2, Regan 2008. ......................................................................................................... 15
Table 10. Efficacy of Broadstar VC1604 for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) – Senesac,
2008. 16
Table 11. Efficacy of EXC3898 for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Senesac, 2008. .. 17
Table 12. Efficacy of V-10142 for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Senesac, 2008. .... 17
Table 13. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Wilen,
2008. 19
Table 14. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine
hirsuta) – Stage 1, Wilen, 2008. ................................................................................................... 19
Table 15. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine
hirsuta) – Stage 2, Wilen, 2008. ................................................................................................... 20
Table 16. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta),
Gilliam, 2009, Experiment 1. ....................................................................................................... 21
Table 17. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta),
Gilliam, 2009, Experiment 2. ....................................................................................................... 23
Table 18. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta),
Senesac, 2009. .............................................................................................................................. 25
Table 19. Postemergent Control of Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) with Selected Pre-emergent
Herbicides, Senesac, 2011. ........................................................................................................... 26
Table 20. Efficacy of Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Senesac, NY,
2018. 27
Table 21. Efficacy of Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Senesac, NY,
2019. 27
Table 22. Summary of Efficacy By Product ................................................................................... 29 U
4
Abstract
Nursery growers have had a longstanding battle to control weeds in environmental horticulture crops.
Bittercress (Cardamine spp.) is one of the most difficult weeds to control in container grown
ornamentals. It grows aggressively in containers and can outcompete ornamental crops for water,
nutrients, and light. Several chemical tools are available for preemergent control. However, there
remains a need for effective control of emerged weed seedlings. At the 2007 Environmental
Horticulture Workshop, IR-4 initiated a study to determine whether preemergent herbicides could
provide efficacy for bittercress, and other weeds, up to the 2-4 leaf stage. Research was conducted
from 2008 through 2019. This report is a brief summary of available data from 18 experiments
received through the IR-4 Environmental Horticulture Program. Early postemergence applications of
Casoron, Certainty, Gallery, Marengo/Indaziflam, and V-10142 provided significant control of
emerged bittercress. These findings benefit growers by identifying select preemergence herbicides
which control specific weeds at early emergence stages in container grown ornamental horticulture
crops.
5
Introduction
Nursery growers have had a longstanding battle to control weeds in environmental horticulture crops.
Bittercress (Cardamine sp.) is one of the most difficult weeds to control in container grown
ornamentals. It grows aggressively in containers and can outcompete ornamental crops for water,
nutrients, and light. Several chemical tools are available for preemergent control. However, there
remains a need for effective control of emerged weed seedlings. At the 2007 Environmental
Horticulture Workshop, IR-4 initiated a study to determine whether preemergent herbicides could
provide efficacy for bittercress, and other weeds, up to the 2-4 leaf stage. Research was conducted
from 2008 through 2019.
Materials and Methods
Between 2008 and 2019, several products were tested as preemergence or over-the-top foliar
applications against bittercress. In many experiments, researchers also included other important
weeds although this report is a summary of bittercress data. A minimum of 4 plants (replicate
treatments) were required with many researchers exceeding this minimum. Evaluations of percent
cover and percent control were estimated at various intervals after treatment. For more detailed
materials and methods, please see Appendix 1: Protocols and Appendix 3: Research Reports. For IR-
4 2018 and 2019 testing, the following protocols were used: 18-019 and 19-019. Please visit
https://www.ir4project.org/ehc/ehc-registration-support-research/env-hort-researcher-
resources/#Protocols to view and download these protocols.
Products were supplied to researchers (See list of researchers in Appendix 1) by their respective
manufacturers.
For all research data tables, product names have been updated where manufacturers have established
trade names and tables have been rearranged by product alphanumeric order.
6
Table 1. List of Products and Rates Tested from 2008 to 2019.
Product 1 Active Ingredient(s) Manufacturer
Rate(s) Tested/Acre
Pounds Active Ingredient Product
Basagran bentazon BASF 0.75 24 fl oz
1.0 32 fl oz
Biathlon Oxyfluorfen +
prodiamine OHP
2.75 100 lb
5.5 200 lb
11.0 400 lb
Broadstar 0.25G
original formulation flumioxazin Valent
0.19 75 lb
0.375 150 lb
0.75 300 lb
Broadstar VC1604
0.25G flumioxazin Valent
0.19 75 lb
0.38 150 lb
Casoron 4G dichlobenil Chemtura Corp. 1.0 25 lb
2.0 50 lb
Certainty sulfosulfuron Valent 0.035 0.75 oz
0.094 2.0 oz
Dismiss 4F sulfentrazone FMC 0.25 8 fl oz
0.375 12 fl oz
EXC3898 2.1G
mesotrione +
prodiamine + s-
metolachlor
Syngenta
2.10 100 lb
3.15 150 lb
Fiesta iron HEDTA Neudorff 25/1 ksf
50/1 ksf
FreeHand 1.75G pendimethalin +
dimethenamid-p BASF
2.6 150 lb
5.25 300 lb
10.5 600 lb
Gallery 75DF isoxaben Dow AgroSciences 1.0 1.33 lb
HGH-63 2G oxyfluorfen Harrold’s 1.0 50 lb
2.0 100 lb
Indaziflam indaziflam Bayer 50 g/ha 150 lb
100 g/ha 300 lb
Marengo 0.622SC indaziflam Bayer 0.04 9 fl oz
Rout oxyfluorfen +
oryzalin Scotts 3 100 lb
Tower 6.0EC (BAS
656h EC) dimethenamid-p BASF
0.97 21 fl oz
1.5 32 fl oz
1.94 42 fl oz
3.0 64 fl oz
V-10142 imazosulfuron Valent 0.375 75 lb
0.75 150 lb 1 In some cases surfactant such as crop oil concentrate (COC) or non-ionic surfactant (NIS) were used and noted in
individual experiments.
7
Results and Summary
Comparative Efficacy on Bittercress
Thirteen experiments were conducted on bittercress from 2008 to 2019. Some researchers
conducted the experiments within greenhouses; others held weeds in containers outdoors. For
this summary, commercial or acceptable weed control is defined as >70% efficacy as to be
expected. Products varied in efficacy depending on the stage treated (See Table 2). The
summary table below lists the number of trials where commercial control was observed in at
least one evaluation compared to the total number of trials.
Stage 0: In general, most treatments demonstrated an effect on bittercress when applied at
Stage 0 or prior to emergence with the exception of Casoron, HGH-63 and Tower which were
only evaluated in limited experiments and did not demonstrate effective control at this stage of
growth.
Stage 1: Certainty, EXC3898, Gallery 75 DF, and V-10142 consistently provided effective
postemergence bittercress control when applied in the early stages of growth. EXC3898
applied at 2.10 to 3.15 lb ai/A delivered commercially acceptable control of greater than 70%
for both rates; however, this product will not be registered. In a single trial
Indaziflam/Marengo provided very effective control at this stage (Table 19, Table 20). Casoron
was tested by two researchers at Stage 1 but was ineffective in controlling bittercress at this
stage (Table 17, Table 18). Tower treatments were significantly different from the untreated
but not at commercially acceptable levels of control. Neither formulation of Broadstar, 0.25G
or VC1604, at 0.19 and 0.375 lb ai/A or either rate of HGH-63 provided consistent control of
bittercress.
Stage 2: Only Certainty, Gallery 75 DF, EXC3898, and V-10142 consistently provided
effective postemergence bittercress control across trials when applied at the 2 to 4 leaf
growth stage. Dismiss, Fiesta and Marengo provided effective control in single trials when
applied at this stage. Broadstar VC1604 at 0.375 controlled bittercress in three of eight
experiments at this stage while the 0.25G formulation provided no control at this stage.
Casoron, HGH-63, indaziflam and Tower showed no significant impact on bittercress at
Stage 2.
8
Table 2. General Summary of Early Postemergence Efficacy for Bittercress.
Product (active)
Rate
(lb ai/A)
Number of Experiments with Acceptable Control
(>70%)
Stage 0:
Preemergence
Stage 1:
Cotyledon to 1 Leaf
Stage 2:
2 to 4 Leaves
Basagran T&O 4F (bentazon) 0.75 - 0 of 1 1 of 1
1.0 - 1 of 1 1 of 1
Broadstar 0.25G (flumioxazin) 0.19 1 of 1 0 of 1 0 of 1
0.375 1 of 1 1 of 1 0 of 1
Broadstar VC1604 0.25G 0.19 4 of 61 1 of 8 0 of 8
0.375 5 of 6 2 of 8 3 of 8
Casoron 4 G (dichlobenil) 1.0 0 of 1 0 of 2 0 of 2
2.0 0 of 1 0 of 2 0 of 2
Casoron 1.4 CS (dichlobenil) 1.0 0 of 1 --- 0 of 1
Certainty (sulfosulfuron) 0.035 --- 2 of 2 2 of 2
0.094 --- 2 of 2 2 of 2
Dismiss 4F (sulfentrazone) 0.25 - 0 of 1 1 of 1
0.375 - 1 of 1 1 of 1
EXC3898 (mesotrione +
prodiamine + s-metolachlor)
2.1 6 of 6 6 of 6 4 of 6
3.15 6 of 6 5 of 6 4 of 6
Fiesta (Iron HEDTA) 25/1 ksf - 0 of 1 1 of 1
50/1 ksf - 1 of 1 1 of 1
Gallery 75 DF (isoxaben) 0.5 1 of 1 1 of 1 0 of 1
1.0 2 of 2 4 of 4 3 of 4
HGH-63 2G (oxyfluorfen) 1.0 0 of 1 0 of 2 0 of 2
2.0 0 of 1 1 of 3 0 of 3
Indaziflam 50 g/ha 1 of 1 1 of 1 0 of 1
100 g/ha 1 of 1 1 of 1 0 of 1
Marengo 0.622SC (indaziflam) 0.04 - 1 of 1 1 of 1
Tower EC (dimethenamid-p)
0.97 0 of 2 0 of 4 0 of 4
1.5 ---- 0 of 2 0 of 2
1.94 0 of 2 0 of 2 0 of 2
V-10142 (imazasulfuron) 0.38 7 of 7 7 of 9 7 of 9
0.75 7 of 7 8 of 9 7 of 9
1 Highlighted numbers indicate efficacious treatments in the majority (> 66%) of the trials where at least two
trials were conducted.
Boydston, 2008
In 2008, Boydston at the USDA facility in Prosser, Washington studied whether EXC3898
and V-10142 provided postemergence efficacy for bittercress grown in field containers under
shade with overhead irrigation.
In 2008 Boydston found EXC3898 applied preemergent at 2.1 and 3.15 lb ai/A controlled
bittercress 97% and 98% 5 WAT, respectively (Table 3). EXC3898 applied to bittercress
between the cotyledon to 1 leaf stage at 2.1 and 3.15 lb ai/A controlled bittercress 76 and 97%
4 WAT, respectively (Table 4). EXC3898 2.1G applied to bittercress between the 2 to 4 leaf
stage at 2.1 and 3.15 lb ai/A controlled bittercress 88 and 99% 4WAT, respectively.
9
Although the number of weeds did not differ significantly at Stage 0 and 1 for either rating
date for V- 10142 0.5 G (0.375-0.75 lb ai/A) those seedlings that emerged received high
ratings for chlorosis and necrosis suggesting good to excellent control of bittercress at all
three stages (Table 3, Table 4). At stage 2 both efficacy ratings and weed numbers were
significantly different from the untreated.
Table 3. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides Applied to Bittercress (Cardamine sp.) - Stage
0, Boydston, 2008.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating1 Number of Weeds per pot2
3 WAT3 5 WAT 3 WAT 5 WAT
Preemergent
EXC3998 - 2.1 91.67 a 97.00 a 25.33 a 5.00 b
EXC3898 - 3.15 91.67 a 98.00 a 17.33 a 4.67 b
Untreated Check 0.00 a 0.00 b 33.33 a 33.33 a
LSD (P=.05) 5.973 2.267 28.021 5.474
V-10142 - 0.375 16.67 a 80.00 a 40.00 a 69.00 a
V-10142 - 0.75 26.67 a 83.33 a 39.33 a 49.00 a
Untreated Control 0.0 b 0.0 b 41.00 a 55.33 a
LSD (P=.05) 38.893 24.336 55.270 47.838 1Efficacy Rating: stunting and chlorosis, 0= live plant, 100= dead 2No significant difference in number of live plants per pot on Day of Application 3 WAT = weeks after treatment
10
Table 4. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Stages 1 and 2 Bittercress (Cardamine
hirsuta), Boydston, 2008.
Product Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating1 Number of Weeds per pot2
2 WAT3 4 WAT 0 WAT 4 WAT
Cotyledon to one leaf stage
EXC3898 - 2.1 78.33 b 75.67 a 21.00 b 9.67 b
EXC3898 - 3.15 96.67 a 96.67 a 28.00 ab 2.67 b
Untreated Check 0.00 c 0.00 b 33.33 a 31.67 a
LSD (P=.05) 15.567 24.212 7.996 8.730
V-10142 - 0.375 83.33 a 91.67 a 56.67 a 23.67 a
V-10142 - 0.75 88.33 a 90.00 a 50.67 a 27.00 a
Untreated Control 0.00 b 0.00 b 41.00 a 49.00 a
LSD (P=.05) 11.014 13.621 28.077 20.746
Two to four leaf stage
EXC3898 - 2.1 66.67 a 88.33 a 19.00 a 6.67 b
EXC3898 - 3.15 81.67 a 99.33 a 12.00 a 2.00 b
Untreated Check 0.00 b 0.00 b 33.33 a 31.67 a
LSD (P=.05) 51.033 21.356 8.811
V-10142 - 0.375 93.33 a 94.67 a 37.67 b 12.67 b
V-10142 - 0.75 95.67 a 98.33 a 30.33 b 3.00 b
Untreated Control 0.00 b 0.00 b 55.33 a 49.00 a
LSD (P=.05) 4.7 6.477 16.673 16.38 1Efficacy Rating: 0= live plant, 100= dead 2No significant difference in number of live plants per pot on Day of Application 3 WAT = weeks after treatment
Gilliam, 2008
Gilliam, in 2008, compared the impact of Broadstar VC1604 0.25G, EXC3898 G, and V-
10142 G to Gallery for postemergent control of bittercress. This experiment was conducted in
the Auburn University greenhouse located in Auburn, AL. Overhead sprinklers were the
source of irrigation.
Stage 0: No bittercress was present at 7 or 14 DAT in any containers. At the 21 DAT
evaluation the mean weed numbers remained low in all treated containers (Table 5). Bittercress
was observed only in pots receiving Broadstar VC1604 at 0.19 lb ai or V-10142 at 0.75 lb ai/A
(0.1 weeds/pot for each treatment). Untreated control containers had a mean weed number of
5.1.
Stage 1: EXC3898 G at 3.15 lb ai/A, Gallery (1.0 lb ai/A) and V-10142 G (0.375 and 0.75 lb
ai/A) provided good to excellent control throughout the experiment. There was no injury to
bittercress treated with Broadstar VC1604 G at 7 DAT. Plants treated with the high rate of
Broadstar VC 1604 (0.375 lb ai/A) demonstrated injury but not at a commercially acceptable
level.
All treated bittercress, except those treated with Broadstar VC1604 at the lower rate, had
significantly less fresh weed weights than that of the non-treated control group (15.9 g vs. 17.9
g). Other fresh weights ranged from 0.0 g, for plants receiving V-10142 at the higher rate, to
11
11.6 g for bittercress treated with Broadstar VC1604 at 0.38 lb ai/A.
Stage 2: Excellent control of seedlings with 2 to 4 leaves was observed with the high rate of
EXC 3898, Gallery and both rates of V-10142. Bittercress receiving Broadstar VC1604 at the
lower rate (0.19 lb ai/A) fully recovered by 14 DAT and exhibited no injury symptoms for the
rest of the study. Damage to weeds treated with Broadstar VC1604 at 0.375 lb ai/A was greater
but did not reach an acceptable level of control during the evaluation period.
Fresh weed weights for all treated containers were significantly smaller than that of the non-
treated control group (15.4 g). Containers treated with Gallery, EXC3898, and V-10142 had
mean weights less than 3.0 g. Fresh weed weights ranged from 0.0g for pots treated with
either rate of V-10142 to 12.0 g for containers receiving Broadstar VC1604 at 0.19 lb ai/A.
12
Table 5. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Bittercress (Cardamine sp.), Gilliam,
2008.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Number of emerged weeds or
Efficacy
Fresh
Weights2
7
DAT3 14 DAT 21 DAT 21 DAT
Preemergent
Number of emerged weeds
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 0.0 a4 0.0 a 0.1 b 0.0 b
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 b 0.0 b
EXC3898 - 2.1 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 b 0.0 b
EXC3898 - 3.15 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 b 0.0 b
V-10142 - 0.375 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.1 b 0.0 b
V-10142 - 0.75 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 b 0.0 b
Gallery - 1.0 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 b 0.0 b
Untreated Control 0.0 a 0.0 a 5.1 a 4.1 a
Cotyledon to one leaf stage
Efficacy Rating1
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 1.0 d 1.0 d 1.0 e 15.9 a
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 1.1 d 3.6 c 6.7 d 11.6 b
EXC3898 - 2.1 6.0 c 6.8 b 7.9 c 7.5 c
EXC3898 - 3.15 6.8 b 7.2 b 8.4 bc 5.8 c
V-10142 - 0.375 7.1 b 8.4 ab 9.1 ab 1.8 d
V-10142 - 0.75 7.0 b 9.4 a 10.0 a 0.0 d
Gallery – 1.0 8.4 a 9.9 a 10.0 a 0.6 d
Untreated Control 1.0 d 1.0 d 1.0 e 17.9 a
Two to four leaf stage
Efficacy Rating1
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 1.8 e 1.0 d 1.0 d 12.0 b
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 2.9 d 4.6 c 5.2 c 8.4 c
EXC3898 - 2.1 6.4 c 7.1 b 7.9 b 3.0 d
EXC3898 - 3.15 7.6 b 8.8 a 9.7 a 1.9 de
V-10142 - 0.375 8.0 ab 9.0 a 10.0 a 0.0 e
V-10142 - 0.75 8.0 ab 8.9 a 10.0 a 0.0 e
Gallery - 1.0 8.4 a 8.9 a 10.0 a 0.07 de
Untreated Control 1.0 f 1.0 d 1.0 d 15.4 a 1 Plant injury ratings on scale of 1 to 10. 1 = no injury, 10 = dead 2 Fresh weights measured in grams. 3 DAT = Days after treatment 4 Means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at p = 0.05
Neal, 2008
In North Carolina, Neal initiated two field container experiments in 2008. The summer
experiment had poor germination of bittercress and significant insect feeding which reduced
data quality. Only data from the fall experiment are presented in this report although
comments are included from both the summer and fall experiments.
13
Stage 0: In the summer experiment, the original and new formulations of flumioxazin
provided preemergence control of bittercress. Control was greater when applied at the higher
dose. In the repeat of the experiment in the fall, all treatments provided effective control of
bittercress when applied preemergently.
Stage 1: Significant differences between treatments were observed when applied at early
postemergence in the fall (Table 7). EXC3898, the high dose of Broadstar 0.25G and V-10142
controlled bittercress effectively through 12 WAT. Broadstar 0.25G at 0.19 lb ai/A and either
rate of Broadstar VC1604 did not provide postemergent control of bittercress.
Stage 2: The two to four leaf stage was evaluated through 6 WAT. Broadstar VC1604 was not
included in this evaluation. Bittercress at the 2 to four leaf stage was injured by V-10142 and
by EXC3898 (Table 7). The high rate of Broadstar 0.25G provided some control (64%) of
bittercress at this growth stage but the new formulation (VC1604 at 0.375 lb ai/A) did not
demonstrate adequate efficacy.
In summary, commercial control of emerged bittercress was achieved by V-10142,
EXC3898 and the high rate of Broadstar 0.25G, but not by Broadstar VC1604.
Table 6. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Bittercress (Cardamine flexuosa) – Stage
0, Neal, 2008
Product – Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating1
8 WAT3 12 WAT 14 WAT 18 WAT
Preemergent
Broadstar 0.25G - 0.19 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a
Broadstar 0.25G - 0.375 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a
Broadstar VC1604 0.25G - 0.19 9.0 ab 9.0 a 8.6 a 9.2 a
Broadstar VC1604 0.25G - 0.375 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a
EXC3898 - 2.1 8.5 b 8.4 a 8.0 a 8.0 b
EXC3898 - 3.15 9.9 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 9.8 a
V-10142 0.5G - 0.375 9.8 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 9.9 a
V-10142 0.5G - 0.75 9.8 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a
Untreated Control 0.0 c 0.0 b 0.0 b 0.0 c
1 Efficacy was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 being no control and 10 being 100 percent.
14
Table 7. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine flexuosa)
– Stages 1 and 2, Neal, 2008
Product – Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating1
2 WAT 6 WAT 8 WAT 12 WAT
One leaf stage
Broadstar 0.25G - 0.19 lb ai/A 1.0 d 4.0 c 4.4 b 5.9 c
Broadstar 0.25G - 0.375 lb ai/A 3.8 c 6.4 b 7.9 a 9.2 ab
Broadstar VC1604 0.25G - 0.19 lb ai/A 0.0 d 0.6 d 0.8 c 0.6 d
Broadstar VC1604 0.25G - 0.375 lb ai/A 1.0 d 0.8 d 2.0 c 3.8 c
EXC3898 - 2.1 lb ai/A 5.0 bc 8.4 a 9.2 a 8.8 ab
EXC3898 - 3.15 lb ai/A 5.6 b 10.0 a 10.0 a 10.0 a
V-10142 0.5G - 0.375 lb ai/A 4.6 bc 4.8 bc 7.6 a 7.6 ab
V-10142 0.5G - 0.75 lb ai/A 7.0 a 9.2 a 9.7 a 9.6 a
Untreated Control 0.0 d 0.0 d 0.0 c 0.0 d
Two to Four leaf stage
Broadstar 0.25G - 0.19 lb ai/A 0.0 a 2.4 c
Broadstar 0.25G - 0.375 lb ai/A 1.2 a 6.4 b
Broadstar VC1604 0.25G - 0.19 lb ai/A --- ---
Broadstar VC1604 0.25G - 0.375 lb ai/A 0.0 a 0.8 cd
EXC3898 - 2.1 lb ai/A 0.4 a 7.2 ab
EXC3898 - 3.15 lb ai/A 0.2 a 8.8 a
V-10142 0.5G - 0.375 lb ai/A 1.9 a 9.4 a
V-10142 0.5G - 0.75 lb ai/A 0.6 a 9.4 a
Untreated Control 0.0 a 0.0 d
LSD (P=0.05) 1 Efficacy was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 being no control and 10 being 100 percent.
Regan, 2008
In 2008, Regan conducted research in Aurora, Oregon using field containers with overhead
irrigation. This experiment evaluated Broadstar VC1604 0.25G, EXC3898 G, and V-10142
for postemergent efficacy on bittercress.
EXC3898 and V-10142 G were effective tools for early postemergent control of bittercress
(Cardamine hirsute). These two herbicides were generally effective at all three stages of early
weed growth. Broadstar VC1604 was the least effective herbicide showing poor or no control
of the three weed species evaluated (Table 9).
Stage 0: The EXC3898 and V-10142 G treatments were very effective in preventing
germination of bittercress at both rates. The higher rate of Broadstar VC1604 significantly
reduced the germination rate of bittercress while the lower rate reduced germination by
approximately half compared to the control.
Stage 1: The treatments containing both rates of EXC3898 and V-10142 G gave very good to
excellent results in controlling weeds at the 1-2 leaf stage. Significant damage to bittercress
treated with EXC3898 and V-10142 G was observed only one week after treatment. Broadstar
VC1604 at both rates had no effect on 1-2 leaf stage of bittercress.
15
Stage 2: At the 2-4 leaf stage bittercress was controlled by both EXC3898 and V-10142 G
at a similar level when compared to the 1-2 leaf stage. Broadstar VC1604 was only slightly
effective in controlling bittercress at the higher rate.
Table 8. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) – Stage 0,
Regan 2008.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Percent Germination
4 WAT
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 28.0 c1
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 9.0 b
EXC3898 - 2.1 0.0 a
EXC3898 - 3.15 0.0 a
V-10142 - 0.375 0.0 a
V-10142 - 0.75 0.0 a
Untreated Control 51.5 d
1 Column mean numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
Table 9. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta)
– Stages 1 and 2, Regan 2008.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating
1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT
One to two leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 0.0 a1 0.0 a 0.0 a
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a
EXC3898 - 2.1 7.3 c 8.7 d 8.7 d
EXC3898 - 3.15 7.5 c 7.9 c 7.9 c
V-10142 - 0.375 4.3 b 5.1 b 5.1 b
V-10142 - 0.75 9.7d 9.7 e 9.7 e
Untreated Control 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a
Two to four leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 1.2 b 1.7 b 1.7 b
EXC3898 - 2.1 6.9 c 7.9 d 7.9 cd
EXC3898 - 3.15 7.7 c 8.7 de 8.7 de
V-10142 - 0.375 6.7 c 7.5 c 7.5 c
V-10142 - 0.75 9.2 d 9.8 e 9.8e
Untreated Control 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a
1 Column mean numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
Senesac, 2008
During 2008, Senesac tested the impact of Broadstar VC1604, EXC3898, and V-10142 for
postemergent control of bittercress at the Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension
Center. This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse without temperature controls; weeds
were misted hourly during daylight hours.
16
Broadstar VC1604 (0.375 and 0.75 lb ai/A) yielded 70% or greater weed control, at the first
and third timing (Table 10.) EXC3898 was generally more effective providing commercial
weed control when applied preemergent or at the cotyledon to 1-leaf stage but not at the 2-4
leaf stage (Table 11). V-10142 generally yielded 70% or greater control of bittercress at 2, 3,
and 5 WAT (Table 12).
Table 10. Efficacy of Broadstar VC1604 for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) –
Senesac, 2008.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating
1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 5 WAT
Preemergent
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.190 -- 33 40 50
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 -- 77 83 93
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.75 -- 87 90 100
Untreated -- 0 0 0
Cotyledon to one leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.190 13 13 13 5
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 20 27 20 27
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.75 37 50 60 53
Untreated 0 0 0 0
Two to four leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.190 23 57 50
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 37 70 73
Broadstar VC1604 – 0.75 40 77 73
Untreated 0 0 0
Fisher’s LSD@ 0.05 16 26 27 17
17
Table 11. Efficacy of EXC3898 for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Senesac, 2008.
Product Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating
1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 5 WAT
Preemergent EXC3898 2.10 -- 80 77 87
EXC3898 3.15 -- 70 67 83
EXC3898 4.20 -- 80 87 87
Untreated -- 00 0 0
Cotyledon to one leaf stage
EXC3898 2.10 40 63 87 70
EXC3898 3.15 40 40 27 17
EXC3898 4.20 53 70 67 53
Untreated 0 0 0 0
Two to four leaf stage
EXC3898 2.10 27 57 57
EXC3898 3.15 23 40 53
EXC3898 4.20 23 47 67
Untreated 0 0 0
Fisher’s LSD@ 0.05 16 30 26 28
Table 12. Efficacy of V-10142 for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Senesac, 2008.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating
1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 5 WAT
Preemergent
V-10142 - 0.38 -- 83 80 90
V-10142 - 0.75 -- 87 83 73
V-10142 - 1.50 -- 90 87 97
Untreated -- 0 0 0
Cotyledon to one leaf stage
V-10142 - 0.38 47 63 67 50
V-10142 - 0.75 47 73 77 73
V-10142 - 1.50 47 77 78 77
Untreated 0 0 0 0
Two to four leaf stage
V-10142 - 0.38 30 73 80
V-10142 - 0.75 23 67 73
V-10142 - 1.50 23 80 80
Untreated 0 0 0
Fisher’s LSD@ 0.05 20 13 14 26
18
Wilen, 2008
In 2008 Wilen conducted 2 experiments in the Los Angeles region of California examining
Broadstar VC1604 0.25G, EXC3898 and V-10142 for postemergent control of hairy
bittercress. The first experiment solely tested Stage1 pots which were seeded on 5/15/09 and
grown in a temperature controlled greenhouse. The second experiment examined Stage 0 and
2 pots which were seeded on 6/12/09 and grown under shade in an open lath house with
overhead irrigation.
Stage 0: All of the treatments reduced cover and provided some control of hairy bittercress
when compared to the untreated control during this stage. Throughout stage 0 Broadstar
VC1604 applied at a rate of 0.375 lb ai/A proved to be most effective, achieving over 90%
control at 3 and 4 WAT. None of the other treatments provided > 80% control although
Broadstar VC1604 at 0.19 lb ai/A showed a trend of increasing percent control over time.
There was a purple cast to some emerged bittercress plants treated with V-10142.
Stage 1: At 2 WAT and 3 WAT only Broadstar VC1604 at 0.375 lb ai/A provided acceptable
reduction in percent cover (i.e. <10%) and adequate percent control (>80%) of hairy
bittercress.
Stage 2: None of the treatments proved successful in adequately controlling hairy bittercress
at this stage until 40 DAT. As in the Stages 1 and 2, there was an increase in control over time
with Broadstar VC1604 which at 0.375 lb ai/A provided at least 80% control of bittercress 40
DAT.
Summary: Overall, only Broadstar VC1604 at 0.375 lb ai/A was acceptable for preemergence
and early post-emergence control of hairy bittercress. Increasing application rates of
Broadstar VC1604 provided significantly better results during Stage 1 for percent cover 2
WAT and percent control 3 WAT and for Stage 2 for percent control at 2 WAT and percent
cover at 3 WAT. Increasing application rates of EXC3898 only provided significantly better
results during Stage 1 for percent cover 2 WAT and percent control at 3 and 4 WAT.
Increasing application rates of V-10142 did not improve performance at any stage.
Because of space constraints, weed-containing pots could not be held more than 3 WAT for
Stage 2 and 40 DAT for Stage 3. However, based on the limited data obtained, there are
indications that possibly EXC3898 and more likely Broadstar VC1604 have post-emergence
activity but the activity is slow to develop.
19
Table 13. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta),
Wilen, 2008.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Percent Cover
Percent
Control
Percent
Cover
Percent
Control
2 WAT 3 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 4 WAT
Preemergent
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 2.17 bc 3.25 ab 75.83 d 3.67 ab 80.83 de
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 0.50 a 1.00 a 91.67 e 0.92 a 93.33 e
EXC3898 - 2.10 2.67 c 5.33 b 52.92 b 14.83 c 47.08 b
EXC3898 - 3.15 1.67 b 4.17 ab 75.00 cd 10.58 bc 63.33 c
V-10142 - 0.375 2.17 bc 4.92 b 72.92 cd 4.58 ab 77.92 d
V-10142 - 0.75 2.00 bc 4.17 ab 61.25 bc 7.92 abc 71.25 cd
Untreated Control 4.42 d 19.17 c 0.00 a 42.92 d 0.00 a
Level of significance *** *** *** *** ***
Mean Separation done by LSD at P=0.05
*** P<0.00
Table 14. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine
hirsuta) – Stage 1, Wilen, 2008.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Percent
Cover
Percent
Control
Percent
Cover
Percent
Control
Percent
Cover
Percent
Control
1 WAT3 1 WAT 2 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 3 WAT
Cotyledon to one leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 14.00 0.56 16.67 ab 59.44 c 16.89 b 74.44 de
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 9.89 3.33 7.22 a 81.67 d 4.22 a 86.67 e
EXC3898 - 2.10 11.78 0.00 16.44 ab 71.67 cd 14.78 ab 61.67 d
EXC3898 - 3.15 14.44 5.00 12.44 a 72.22 cd 11.11 ab 72.78 d
V-10142 - 0.375 13.11 0.00 26.11 bc 36.11 b 28.89 c 36.11 c
V-10142 - 0.75 13.89 0.00 32.22 c 27.22 b 38.33 cd 16.11 b
Untreated Control 15.56 0.00 48.89 d 0.00 a 49.44 d 0.00 a
Level of Significance NS NS *** *** *** ***
Mean Separation done by LSD at P=0.05
*** P<0.00
20
Table 15. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine
hirsuta) – Stage 2, Wilen, 2008.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Percent
Cover
Percent
Control
Percent
Cover
Percent
Control
Percent
Cover
Percent
Control
1 WAT 1 WAT 2 WAT 2 WAT 40 DAT 40 DAT
2 to 4 leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 27.08 a 19.17 bc 12.08 ab 53.75 c 7.42 ab 69.25 d
BroadstarVC1604 - 0.375 29.17 ab 22.92 c 7.00 a 69.58 c 1.58 a 91.67 e
EXC3898 - 2.10 36.25 bcd 5.42 a 17.67 b 34.17 b 15.81 bc 42.13 bc
EXC3898 - 3.15 41.25 cd 3.75 a 12.33 ab 52.50 c 14.67 bc 56.25 cd
V-10142 - 0.375 37.92 cd 4.58 a 29.17 c 15.83 a 22.50 cd 41.83 bc
V-10142 - 0.75 33.75 abc 10.42 ab 32.92 c 12.08 a 27.50 d 37.92 b
Untreated Control 43.75 d 0.00 a 35.83 c 0.00 a 46.67 e 0.00 a
Level of Significance *** *** *** *** *** ***
Mean Separation done by LSD at P=0.05
*** P<0.00
Gilliam, 2009
In 2009, Gilliam (AL) conducted 2 greenhouse experiments to evaluate selected herbicides for
early postemergence bittercress control at two different stages of growth. Experiment 2 included
Casoron.
Experiment 1: Stage 1
At 7 DAT, bittercress treated with HGH-63 (2.0 lb ai/A) and Gallery had more injury than any
other treatment. Bittercress treated with HGH-63 (1.0 lb ai/A) along with Certainty, Tower (1.5
lb ai/A), and V- 10142 all had similar injury ratings at 7 DAT, and provided only marginal
control. Bittercress treated with Broadstar VC1604 provided the least control of any treatment,
and were similar to the non-treated control.
By 28 DAT, Gallery provided the greatest control followed by Certainty and V-10142.
The only remaining herbicide treatment not statistically similar to the control was
Broadstar VC1604 (0.375 lb ai/A) which only provided minimal damage not sufficient for
efficacy.
Fresh weights indicate that Gallery provided excellent control, however, V-10142, and
Certainty had similar fresh weights. Fresh weights also show Broadstar VC1604 (0.375 lb
ai/A) and Tower (1.5 lb ai/A) had some control (fresh weights of 4.6 and 5.5) while HGH-63
and Tower (0.97 lb ai/A) had little effect on bittercress growth. Bittercress treated with
Broadstar VC1604 (0.19 lb ai/A) had similar fresh weights to the non-treated control.
Experiment 1: Stage 2
At 14 DAT, bittercress treated with Gallery and V-10142 (0.75 lb ai/A) had higher injury
ratings than any other treatment followed by V-10142 (0.375 lb ai/A) and Certainty. Tower
(1.5 lb ai/A) provided only marginal control while Tower at 0.97 lb ai/A, Broadstar VC1604
and HGH-63 were similar to non-treated plants.
By 28 DAT Gallery and V-10142 (both rates) again had the highest injury ratings at,
followed by Certainty (0.094 lb ai/A) which was similar to V-10142 at 0.375 lb ai/A. Tower,
21
HGH-63 and Broadstar VC1604 (0.19 lb ai/A) were similar to non-treated plants.
Fresh weights indicate all herbicides provided some degree of efficacy when compared to
non-treated plants; however Gallery, Certainty, and V-10142 were the only treatments
providing acceptable control.
Table 16. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta),
Gilliam, 2009, Experiment 1.
Product - Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating1 Fresh
Weights2 7 DAT3 14 DAT 21 DAT 28 DAT
Cotyledon to one leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 1.7 d4 1.6 e 2.2 b 2.1 c 4.6 c
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 1.0 d 1.1 e 1.0 b 1.1 d 10.4 a
Gallery - 1.0 5.6 a 8.8 a 8.9 a 10.0 a 0.0 d
HGH-63 - 2.0 5.2 a 2.0 de 1.0 b 1.1 d 8.0 b
HGH-63 - 1.0 3.1 bc 1.3 e 1.9 b 1.0 d 7.8 b
Certainty - 0.094 3.9 b 7.7 ab 8.4 a 8.3 b 0.0 d
Certainty - 0.035 3.9 b 7.8 ab 8.9 a 8.9 b 0.0 d
Tower - 1.5 3.1 bc 4.1 c 2.1 b 1.0 d 6.1 bc
Tower - 0.97 2.7 c 3.0 cd 1.0 b 1.0 d 8.0 b
V-10142 - 0.75 3.7 b 7.7 ab 8.8 a 8.9 b 0.0 d
V-10142 - 0.38 3.4 bc 6.9 b 8.2 a 8.1 b 0.1 d
Control 1.0 d 1.0 c 1.0 b 1.0 d 11.4 a
Two to four leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.19 1.2 e 2.1 d 2.9 c 2.8 d 7.3 cd
Broadstar VC1604 - 0.375 1.0 e 1.3 d 1.6 cd 1.7 de 9.0 bc
HGH-63 - 2.0 4.7 ab 1.7 d 1.0 d 1.0 e 9.2 bc
HGH-63 - 1.0 4.1 bc 1.2 d 1.0 d 1.0 e 10.1 b
Certainty - 0.094 4.3 abc 5.9 b 7.1 b 7.1 bc 0.4 e
Certainty - 0.035 4.2 abc 6.6 b 7.3 ab 6.4 c 0.5 e
Tower - 1.5 3.6 bc 3.2 c 1.6 cd 1.1 e 4.9 d
Tower - 0.97 2.6 d 1.4 d 1.0 d 1.0 e 10.1 b
V-10142 - 0.75 4.1 bc 7.7 a 8.3 ab 9.4 a 0.9 e
V-10142 - 0.38 3.6 c 6.0 b 8.2 ab 8.2 ab 0.2 e
Gallery - 1.0 5.1 a 7.7 a 8.9 a 8.9 a 0.0 e
Control 1.0 e 1.0 d 1.0 d 1.0 e 13.0 a 1 Plant injury ratings on scale of 1 to 10. 1 = no injury, 10 = dead 2 Fresh weights measured in grams. 3 DAT = Days after treatment 4 Means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at p = 0.05
Experiment 2: Stage 1
At 7 DAT, bittercress treated with Gallery or Certainty (0.094 lb ai/A) had higher injury
ratings than any other treatments (Table 17). Bittercress treated with Broadstar VC1604 and
Casoron had injury ratings that were similar to non-treated plants. At 14 DAT, Gallery, V-
10142, and Certainty provided the best control.
At 21 DAT, bittercress treated with Gallery and Certainty (0.094 lb ai/A) had higher injury
22
ratings than any other treatment, and plants were almost completely dead. V-10142 (0.75 lb
ai/A) (injury rating of 8.0) and Certainty (0.035 lb ai/A) also provided acceptable control
(rating of 8.8). All other treatments were similar to the non-treated control with the exception
of V-10142 (0.75 lb ai/A) which had an injury rating of 6.8.
Injury ratings at 28 DAT were similar to ratings taken at 21 DAT. While all herbicide
treated pots had less fresh weights than the nontreated control, Gallery, V-10142, Certainty
and Tower (1.5 lb ai/A) provided the best control.
Experiment 2: Stage 2
At 7 DAT, injury ratings were highest in treatments containing Certainty, however Tower
(1.5 lb ai/A), V-10142, and Gallery were similar to Certainty at the lower rate (0.035 lb
ai/A). Broadstar VC1604, Casoron, and HGH-63 (1.0 lb ai/A), provided the least control at 7
DAT and had similar injury to non- treated plants.
By 21 DAT, bittercress treated with Certainty, V-10142 and Gallery had higher injury ratings
than bittercress treated with any other treatment. All other herbicide treatments were similar to
the non-treated control plants.
At 28 DAT, Certainty (0.035 lb ai/A), V-10142 and Gallery treatments had the highest
injury ratings, followed by Certainty (0.095 lb ai/A) which had slightly lower injury ratings.
Broadstar VC1604, Casoron, HGH-63, and Tower (0.97 lb ai/A) provided no control and
had similar injury ratings to non- treated plants, while Tower (1.5 lb ai/A) provided very
little control with a rating of 2.1.
Fresh weights taken at 28 DAT show that Gallery, V-10142 and Certainty provided better
control than all other treatments. All other treatments had similar fresh weights to non-treated
plants with the exception of Tower at 1.5 lb ai/A (fresh weight of 4.7), and at 0.97 lb ai/A
(fresh weight 7.8) which provided slightly more control than Broadstar VC1604, Casoron, or
HGH-63.
Summary
In conclusion, data from Gilliam’s 2009 studies indicate herbicides Gallery (1.0 lb ai/A), V-10142
(at 0.375 and 0.75 lb ai/A) and Certainty (at 0.035 and 0.094 lb ai/A) provide excellent bittercress
control when applied postemergence to weeds in either the cotyledon to one leaf stage or the two
to four leaf stage. Fresh weights from both experiments indicate that Broadstar VC1604, Casoron,
HGH-63, and Tower herbicides provided some degree of control when compared to the untreated
but control was minimal and would not successfully control bittercress. Bittercress treated with
these less effective herbicides were slightly smaller than the control plants; however, plants were
uninjured in most cases by 28 days after herbicide application and began to produce flowers and
seeds which would lead to an escalating weed problem. While no herbicide will provide season-
long bittercress control, Gallery, V- 10142, and Certainty could provide effective postemergence
bittercress control when applied in the early stages of growth.
23
Table 17. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta),
Gilliam, 2009, Experiment 2.
Product – Rate (lb ai/A)
Efficacy Rating1 Fresh
Weights2 7 DAT3 14 DAT 21 DAT 28 DAT
Cotyledon to one leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 – 0.19 1.0 g 1.0 c 1.0 d 1.0 d 11.7 b
Broadstar VC1604 – 0.375 1.0 g4 2.5 bc 1.0 d 1.0 d 9.0 bc
Casoron – 1.0 2.0 gf 1.4 bc 1.0 d 1.0 d 10.3 b
Casoron – 2.0 1.5 g 2.0 bc 1.0 d 1.0 d 9.3 bc
Gallery – 1.0 7.8 ab 7.7 a 9.9 a 9.9 a 0.0 f
HGH-63 – 1.0 2.6 f 3.0 bc 1.0 d 1.0 d 6.7 cd
HGH-63 – 2.0 4.9 e 2.4 bc 1.6 d 1.5 d 4.5 de
Certainty – 0.035 6.9 bc 9.0 a 8.8 b 8.8 b 0.0 f
Certainty – 0.094 8.0 a 8.8 a 9.8 a 9.8 a 0.0 f
Tower – 0.97 4.6 e 2.5 bc 1.0 d 1.0 d 7.5 c
Tower – 1.5 5.4 de 4.1 b 1.4 d 1.4 d 2.5 ef
V-10142 – 0.75 5.5 de 6.6 a 6.8 c 6.8 c 0.6 f
V-10142 – 3.75 6.0 dc 7.0 a 8.0 b 8.0 b 0.0 f
Control 1.0 d 1.0 c 1.0 d 1.0 d 14.5 a
Two to four leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604– 0.19 1.0 e 1.0 d 1.0 b 1.0 d 11.0 abc
Broadstar VC1604 – 0.375 1.0 e 1.4 d 1.0 b 1.0 d 9.4 bc
Casoron - 1.0 1.0 e 1.3 d 1.0 b 1.0 d 9.6 bc
Casoron - 2.0 1.0 e 1.1 d 1.0 b 1.0 d 13.0 a
Gallery – 1.0 4.9 bc 7.4 b 7.9 a 8.0 a 0.0 e
HGH-63 - 1.0 2.1 de 1.0 d 1.0 b 1.0 d 11.0 abc
HGH-63 - 2.0 3.4 cd 1.0 d 1.0 b 1.0 d 10.5 abc
Certainty - 0.035 6.4 ab 8.6 a 7.9 a 8.1 a 0.0 e
Certainty - 0.094 7.7 a 7.6 ab 7.0 a 6.7 b 0.0 e
Tower - 0.97 3.4 cd 1.4 d 1.0 b 1.0 d 7.8 c
Tower - 1.5 4.9 bc 3.0 c 2.0 b 2.1 c 4.7 d
V-10142 – 0.75 5.0 bc 7.7 ab 7.6 a 7.6 ab 0.1 e
V-10142 – 3.75 5.1 b 8.0 ab 8.1 a 8.4 a 0.0 e
Control 1.0 e 1.0 d 1.0 b 1.0 d 12.1 ab 1 Plant injury ratings on scale of 1 to 10. 1 = no injury, 10 = dead 2 Fresh weights measured in grams 3 DAT = Days after treatment 4 Means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at p = 0.05
Senesac, 2009
During 2009, Senesac (NY) tested the impact of six herbicides for postemergent control of
bittercress. This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse without temperature controls;
weeds were misted hourly during daylight hours.
Stage 0: Certainty and V-10142 were the only treatments to provide acceptable control applied
preemergence.
Stage 1: At the cotyledon to 1- leaf stage commercially acceptable levels of control (>70%)
24
were achieved with applications of Broadstar VC1604 (high rate) and both rates of Certainty,
HGH-63, and V- 10142 by 4 WAT.
Stage 2: All treatments demonstrated some measure of bittercress control at the 2-4 leaf stage
but not to an acceptable degree.
Senesac, 2011
In 2011, Senesac (NY) evaluated Gallery, indaziflam and Tower for postemergent control of
bittercress. This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse without temperature controls;
weeds were misted hourly during daylight hours.
Stage 0: Both rates of Gallery and indaziflam effectively controlled bittercress applied
preemergent. Tower exhibited up to 50% efficacy.
Stage 1: At the cotyledon to one leaf stage commercially acceptable levels of control
(>70%) were achieved with applications of Gallery and indaziflam but not Tower.
Stage 2: Interestingly, none of the treatments were effective in controlling bittercress at the
2-4 leaf stage.
25
Table 18. Efficacy of Pre-emergent Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta),
Senesac, 2009.
Product Rate (lb ai/A)
Percent Control
1 WAT 2 WAT 4 WAT
Preemergent
Broadstar VC1604 0.19 1 3 0
Broadstar VC1604 0.375 6 3 0
Certainty 0.035 6 68 73
Certainty 0.094 10 70 78
Casoron 4G 1.0 4 10 0
Casoron 4G 2.0 8 10 10
Casoron 1.4CS 1.0 5 20 18
HGH-63 2.0 6 48 33
Tower 0.97 6 10 0
Tower 1.94 10 20 15
V-10142 0.38 3 63 63
V-10142 0.75 6 65 78
Untreated ~ 0 0 0
Cotyledon to one leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 0.19 5 20 13
Broadstar VC1604 0.375 10 73 78
Certainty 0.035 1 65 88
Certainty 0.094 3 75 93
Casoron 4G 1.0 0 20 0
Casoron 4G 2.0 0 15 5
HGH-63 2.0 10 75 78
Tower 0.97 0 45 33
Tower 1.94 10 45 65
V-10142 0.38 1 58 90
V-10142 0.75 8 80 100
Untreated ~ 0 0 0
Two to four leaf stage
Broadstar VC1604 0.19 50 65 43
Broadstar VC1604 0.375 71 65 48
Certainty 0.035 30 35 53
Certainty 0.094 60 50 60
Casoron 4G 1.0 73 43 15
Casoron 4G 2.0 78 35 20
Casoron 1.4 CS 1.0 100 60 55
HGH-63 2.0 15 33 20
Tower 0.97 23 38 53
Tower 1.94 79 43 53
V-10142 0.38 28 45 55
V-10142 0.75 48 48 60
Untreated ~ 0 0 0 i
Fisher's LSD @ 0.05 13 18 20
26
Table 19. Postemergent Control of Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) with Selected Pre-
emergent Herbicides, Senesac, 2011. Treatment Rate 1 WAT 2 WAT 4 WAT 8 WAT
Preemergent
Gallery 0.5 lb ai/A ~ 100 100 60
Gallery 1.0 lb ai/A ~ 100 100 65
Indaziflam 50 g/ha ~ 100 100 100
Indaziflam 100 g/ha ~ 100 100 100
Tower 0.97 lb ai/A ~ 10 50 20
Tower 1.94 lb ai/A ~ 10 50 50
Untreated ~ 0 0 0
Newly Emerged
Gallery 0.5 lb ai/A 98 100 100 90
Gallery 1.0 lb ai/A 100 100 100 90
Indaziflam 50 g/ha 93 100 98 90
Indaziflam 100 g/ha 100 100 100 98
Tower 0.97 lb ai/A 48 65 83 73
Tower 1.94 lb ai/A 53 65 93 90
Untreated 0 0 0 0
Cotyledon to one leaf
Gallery 0.5 lb ai/A 45 90 100 93
Gallery 1.0 lb ai/A 50 90 100 93
Indaziflam 50 g/ha 35 88 93 98
Indaziflam 100 g/ha 40 88 98 98
Tower 0.97 lb ai/A 0 10 10 8
Tower 1.94 lb ai/A 0 10 10 10
Untreated 0 0 0 0
Two to four leaf stage
Gallery 0.5 lb ai/A 25 40 40 20
Gallery 1.0 lb ai/A 30 43 50 30
Indaziflam 50 g/ha 20 20 15 8
Indaziflam 100 g/ha 25 28 25 8
Tower 0.97 lb ai/A 0 0 0 0
Tower 1.94 lb ai/A 0 0 3 0
Untreated 0 0 0 0
Fisher's LSD @ 0.05 21 8 10 13
Derr 2017
In 2017 Derr tested Biathlon, Freehand and Rout for pre-emergence control of bittercress in field
containers. However, the population of bittercress was too low to determine treatment effectiveness.
No data were presented.
27
Senesac 2018 & 2019
In 2018 and 2019, Senesac tested Basagran, Dismiss, Fiesta and Marengo for postemergence
control of bittercress at the young seedling and 2-4 leaf stages in field containers. In 2018, Marengo
at 9 fl oz/A and Basagran at 32 fl oz/A provided excellent control, Fiesta provided good and
excellent control at 25 and 50 oz/A, and Dismiss provided fair control at both rates (Table 20). In
2019, all rates of all herbicides provided good to excellent control of 2-4 leaf bittercress. (Table 21).
Table 20. Efficacy of Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Senesac, NY,
2018.
Treatment Rate
% Control Fresh Wt (gm)
21 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT 21 DAT
Young Seedling Stage
Basagran T&O 4F 24 fl oz/A 30 35 48 55 10
32 fl oz/A 33 45 70 95 4
Dismiss 4F 8 fl oz/A 35 40 45 60 22
12 fl oz/A 43 48 53 60 33
Fiesta 26.52% 25 oz/1000 sq ft 53 63 63 60 11
50 oz/1000 sq ft 70 83 88 90 1
Marengo 0.622SC 9 fl oz/A 25 40 90 100 0
Untreated - 0 0 0 0 45
Fisher’s LSD P =.05 17 8 10 13 14
Table 21. Efficacy of Herbicides for Emerged Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Senesac, NY,
2019.
Treatment Rate
% Control Fresh Wt (g)
21 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT 14 DAT
2-4 Leaf Stage
Basagran T&O 4F 24 fl oz/A 73 73 87 1.3
32 fl oz/A 73 73 100 0
Dismiss 4F 8 fl oz/A 70 70 100 0
12 fl oz/A 77 77 100 0
Fiesta 26.52% 25 oz/1000 sq ft 70 70 97 0.3
50 oz/1000 sq ft 80 93 100 0
Marengo 0.622SC 9 fl oz/A 80 100 100 0
Untreated - 0 0 0 11
Fisher’s LSD P =.05 8 9 15 2
28
Efficacy Summary by Product/Active Ingredient
A brief efficacy summary for select products is given below.
Basagran provided good control when applied postemergence at young seedling or 2-4 leaf stage in
2 experiments.
Broadstar 0.25G In single trials, the original formulation demonstrated effective control when
applied preemergence, but not at the cotyledon to 1 leaf and 2-4 leaf stages.
Broadstar VC1604 This formulation provided effective control when applied preemergence but
generally not at the cotyledon to 1 leaf and 2-4 leaf stages.
Casoron 4G provided poor control when applied preemergence and postemergence.
Casoron 1.4CS provided poor control when applied preemergence and at the 2-4 leaf stage in one
trial.
Certainty provided effective control when applied at the cotyledon to 1 leaf and 2-4 leaf stages in 2
trials.
Dismiss provided good postemergence control in 1 experiment.
EXC3898 provided commercially acceptable control when applied preemergence, and at the
cotyledon to 1 leaf and 2-4 leaf stages. This product will not be registered.
Fiesta generally provided good control when applied postemergence in single experiments.
Gallery generally provided good control when applied preemergence and at the cotyledon to 1 leaf
and 2-4 leaf stages.
HGH-63 generally provided poor control when applied preemergence and postemergence in 4
experiments.
Indaziflam demonstrated effective control when applied preemergence and at the cotyledon to 1
leaf stage, but not at the 2-4 leaf stage in single experiments.
Marengo provided good control when applied postemergence in single experiments.
Tower provided poor control when applied preemergence and postemergence.
V-10142 generally provided effective control when applied preemergence and postemergence.
Please see Table 22 for a list of all researchable studies and the summary of experiments conducted
from 2008 to 2019.
29
Table 22. Summary of Efficacy By Product
Note: Table entries are sorted by crop Latin name. Only those experiments received by 6/1/2020 are included in the table below.
PR#
Product (Active
Ingredient) MOA Class Target Crop
Production
Site Researcher State Year
Application
Type Results
33811 Basagran T&O
Herbicide (Bentazon)
WSSA 6 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2018 Over the top Excellent control of bittercress
with 24 and 32 fl oz per acre.
33811 Basagran T&O
Herbicide (Bentazon)
WSSA 6 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2019 Over the top Good to excellent control with 24
and 32 fl oz + COC per acre.
33510 Biathlon
(Oxyfluorfen +
Prodiamine)
WSSA 14 +
WSSA 3
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Derr VA 2017 Over the top Very low weed population to
determine product efficacy.
28911 BroadStar 0.25G
(Flumioxazin)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None) C.
flexuosa
Field
Container
Neal NC 2008 Over the top Good control pre at 0.19 and 0.38
lb ai per acre; poor to fair control at
1X, good at 2X applied at 1-leaf
stage; poor control at 1X, fair at 2X
applied at 4-leaf stage
27563 BroadStar 0.25G
VC1604
(Flumioxazin)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Gilliam AL 2008 Over the top Excellent control pre at 75 and 150
lb per acre, no control post applied
at cotyledon - one leaf or at 2-4
leaf stages at 75, poor at 150 lb
27604 BroadStar 0.25G
VC1604
(Flumioxazin)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 1.Virtually no control applied
at cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 75 and 150 lb per acre
27604 BroadStar 0.25G
VC1604
(Flumioxazin)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 2: Virtually no control
applied at cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2
- 4 leaf stages at 75 and 150 lb per
acre
27563 BroadStar 0.25G
VC1604
(Flumioxazin)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Regan OR 2008 Over the top Fair and good control pre, no
control post at cotyledon to 1-leaf,
no and poor control post at 2 to 4-
leaf with 0.19 and 0.375 lb ai per
acre.
27563 BroadStar 0.25G
VC1604
(Flumioxazin)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2008 Over the top Good control pre, poor post at
cotyledon to 1-leaf stage, over 70
% control post at 2-4 leaf stage, at
0.375 and 0.75 lb ai per acre; poor
at 0.19 lb
30
PR#
Product (Active
Ingredient) MOA Class Target Crop
Production
Site Researcher State Year
Application
Type Results
27604 BroadStar 0.25G
VC1604
(Flumioxazin)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Senesac NY 2009 Over the top Poor control pre at 0.19 and 0.375
lb ai per acre; good post at
cotyledon to 1-leaf stage at 2X, fair
post at 2-4 leaf stage at both rates
27604 BroadStar 0.25G
VC1604
(Flumioxazin)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Wilen CA 2008 Over the top 80 and 93 % control pre at 75 and
150 lb per acre; 74 and 87 %
control at 1X and 2X applied at
cotyledon-1 leaf stage; 61 and 92
% control at 1X and 2X applied at
2-4 leaf stage
27563 BroadStar 0.25G
VC1604
(Flumioxazin)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None) C.
flexuosa
Field
Container
Neal NC 2008 Over the top Good control pre at 0.19 and 0.38
lb ai per acre; poor control at both
rates applied at 1-leaf or 4-leaf
stage
28920 Casoron 4G
(Dichlobenil)
WSSA20 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Virtually no control applied at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 25 and 50 lb per acre
28920 Casoron 4G
(Dichlobenil)
WSSA20 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Senesac NY 2009 Over the top Poor control pre and post
cotyledon to 1-leaf, good control
post at 2 to 4-leaf stage with 1 and
2 lb ai per acre.
28921 Certainty Turf
Herbicide
(Monsanto)
(Sulfosulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 1: Excellent control applied at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 0.035 and 0.094 lb ai per
acre; equal to Gallery.
28921 Certainty Turf
Herbicide
(Monsanto)
(Sulfosulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 2: Excellent control applied at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 0.035 and 0.094 lb ai per
acre; equal to Gallery.
28921 Certainty Turf
Herbicide
(Monsanto)
(Sulfosulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Senesac NY 2009 Over the top Effective control pre and post at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 to 4-leaf
stages with 0.035 and 0.094 lb ai
per acre.
33812 Dismiss 4F
(Sulfentrazone)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2018 Over the top Moderate control of bittercress
with 8 and 12 fl oz per acre.
33812 Dismiss 4F
(Sulfentrazone)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2019 Over the top Excellent control with 8 and 12 fl
oz per acre.
31
PR#
Product (Active
Ingredient) MOA Class Target Crop
Production
Site Researcher State Year
Application
Type Results
27290 EXC3898
(Mesotrione +
prodiamine & S-
metolachlor)
WSSA 27 +
WSSA 3 +
WSSA 15
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Gilliam AL 2008 Over the top Excellent control pre, fair to good
control post applied at cotyledon -
one leaf or at 2-4 leaf stages at 100
and 150 lb per acre.
27290 EXC3898
(Mesotrione +
prodiamine & S-
metolachlor)
WSSA 27 +
WSSA 3 +
WSSA 15
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Regan OR 2008 Over the top Excellent control pre, good post at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 to 4-leaf
stages with 2.1 and 3.15 lb ai per
acre.
27290 EXC3898
(Mesotrione +
prodiamine & S-
metolachlor)
WSSA 27 +
WSSA 3 +
WSSA 15
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2008 Over the top Generally 70 % or higher control
pre and post at cotyledon to 1-leaf
stage, less effective post at 2-4 leaf
stage, at 2.1, 3.15 and 4.2 lb ai per
acre
27602 EXC3898
(Mesotrione +
prodiamine & S-
metolachlor)
WSSA 27 +
WSSA 3 +
WSSA 15
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Wilen CA 2008 Over the top 47 and 63 % control pre at 100 and
150 lb per acre; 62 and 73 %
control at 1X and 2X applied at
cotyledon to 1-leaf stage; 42 and
56 % control at 1X and 2X applied
at 2 to 4-leaf stage
27290 EXC3898
(Mesotrione +
prodiamine & S-
metolachlor)
WSSA 27 +
WSSA 3 +
WSSA 15
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None) C.
flexuosa
Field
Container
Neal NC 2008 Over the top Poor to fair control pre at 2.1, fair
to good at 3.15 lb ai per acre; good
control at both rates applied at 1-
leaf stage; fair to good at 1X, good
at 2X applied at 4-leaf stage
27290 EXC3898
(Mesotrione +
prodiamine & S-
metolachlor)
WSSA 27 +
WSSA 3 +
WSSA 15
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
'Hairy'
Field
Container
Boydston WA 2008 Over the top 97 and 98 % control pre at 2.1 and
3.15 lb ai per acre; 76 and 97 %
control at 1X and 2X applied at
cotyledon-1 leaf stage; 88 and 99
% control at 1X and 2X applied at
2-4 leaf stage
33813 Fiesta Herbicide
(Iron HEDTA)
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2018 Over the top Excellent control of bittercress
with 50 oz per 1000 sq ft.
33813 Fiesta Herbicide
(Iron HEDTA)
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2019 Over the top Excellent control with 25 and 50 oz
per 1000 sq ft.
33511 Freehand G
(Dimethenamid-p +
pendimethalin)
WSSA 15 +
WSSA 3
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Derr VA 2017 Over the top Very low weed population to
determine product efficacy.
32
PR#
Product (Active
Ingredient) MOA Class Target Crop
Production
Site Researcher State Year
Application
Type Results
28864 Gallery 75DF
(Isoxaben)
WSSA 21 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2008 Over the top Excellent control pre at 1 lb ai per
acre; excellent control post applied
at cotyledon - one leaf and 2-4 leaf
stages
28864 Gallery 75DF
(Isoxaben)
WSSA 21 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Senesac NY 2011 Over the top Excellent control at preemergent
and cotyledon to 1 leaf stages but
unacceptable at 2 to 4 leaf stage
with 0.5 and 1.0 lb ai per acre.
28922 HGH-63 2G
(Oxyfluorfen)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 1. Poor control applied at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 50 and 100 lb per acre
28922 HGH-63 2G
(Oxyfluorfen)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 2. Poor control applied at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 50 and 100 lb per acre
28922 HGH-63 2G
(Oxyfluorfen)
WSSA 14 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Senesac NY 2009 Over the top Fair control pre, good post at
cotyledon to 1-leaf, poor post at 2
to 4-leaf stage with 2 lb ai per acre.
30466 Marengo 74SC
(Indaziflam)
WSSA 29 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Senesac NY 2011 Broadcast Excellent control with 0.045 and
0.089 lb aia at premergent and
cotyledon to 1 leaf stages but poor
control at 2 to 4 leaf stage.
33814 Marengo 74SC
(Indaziflam)
WSSA 29 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2018 Over the top Excellent control of bittercress
with 9 fl oz per acre.
33814 Marengo 74SC
(Indaziflam)
WSSA 29 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2019 Over the top Excellent control with 9 fl oz per
acre.
33512 Rout (Oxyfluorfen +
Oryzalin)
WSSA 14 +
WSSA 3
Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Derr VA 2017 Over the top Very low weed population to
determine product efficacy.
27760 Tower
(Dimethenamid-p)
WSSA 15 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 1: Poor control applied at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 21 and 32 fl oz per acre
33
PR#
Product (Active
Ingredient) MOA Class Target Crop
Production
Site Researcher State Year
Application
Type Results
27760 Tower
(Dimethenamid-p)
WSSA 15 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 2: Poor control applied at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 21 and 32 fl oz per acre
27760 Tower
(Dimethenamid-p)
WSSA 15 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Senesac NY 2009 Over the top Poor control pre at 0.97 and 1.94 lb
ai per acre; good post at cotyledon
to 1-leaf stage with 2X, good post
at 2-4 leaf stage with both rates
27760 Tower
(Dimethenamid-p)
WSSA 15 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Senesac NY 2011 Over the top Good control with 0.97 and 1.94 lb
aia at cotyledon to one leaf stage
but poor at all other stages.
27293 V-10142 0.5G
(Imazasulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Gilliam AL 2008 Over the top Excellent control pre, excellent
control post applied at cotyledon -
one leaf or at 2-4 leaf stages at 75
and 150 lb per acre; best post
treatment.
27603 V-10142 0.5G
(Imazasulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 1. Excellent control applied at
cotyledon t0 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 75 and 150 lb per acre;
equal to Gallery.
27603 V-10142 0.5G
(Imazasulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Gilliam AL 2009 Over the top Trial 2. Excellent control applied at
cotyledon t0 1-leaf and 2 - 4 leaf
stages at 75 and 150 lb per acre;
equal to Gallery.
27293 V-10142 0.5G
(Imazasulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Regan OR 2008 Over the top Excellent control pre, fair and
excellent control post at cotyledon
to 1-leaf and 2 to 4-leaf stages with
0.375 and 0.75 lb ai per acre.
27293 V-10142 0.5G
(Imazasulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Field
Container
Senesac NY 2008 Over the top Generally 70 % or higher control
pre, post at cotyledon to 1-leaf
stage and post at 2-4 leaf stage, at
0.38, 0.75 and 1.5 lb ai per acre
27603 V-10142 0.5G
(Imazasulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Senesac NY 2009 Over the top Effective control pre and post at
cotyledon to 1-leaf and 2 to 4-leaf
stages with 0.38 and 0.75 lb ai per
acre; higher rate betrter.
27603 V-10142 0.5G
(Imazasulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
Greenhouse Wilen CA 2008 Over the top 78 and 71 % control pre at 75 and
150 lb per acre; 36 and 16 %
control at 1X and 2X applied at
cotyledon-1 leaf stage; 42 and 38
% control at 1X and 2X applied at
2-4 leaf stage
34
PR#
Product (Active
Ingredient) MOA Class Target Crop
Production
Site Researcher State Year
Application
Type Results
27293 V-10142 0.5G
(Imazasulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None) C.
flexuosa
Field
Container
Neal NC 2008 Over the top Poor to good control pre at 0.375,
good at 0.75 lb ai per acre; fair to
good control at 1X, good control at
2X applied at 1-leaf stage; good
control at both rates applied at 4-
leaf stage
27293 V-10142 0.5G
(Imazasulfuron)
WSSA 2 Bittercress,
Hairy
(Cardamine
hirsuta)
None
(None)
'Hairy'
Field
Container
Boydston WA 2008 Over the top 80 and 83 % control pre at 0.375
and 0.75 lb ai per acre; 92 and 90
% control at 1X and 2X applied at
cotyledon-1 leaf stage; 95 and 98
% control at 1X and 2X applied at
2-4 leaf stage
35
Label Suggestions
The following label suggestions are for use in container grown bittercress provided an acceptable
level of crop safety exists.
Certainty at 0.035 and 0.094 lb ai/A for preemergent and early postemergent control.
EXC3898 at 2.1 to 3.15 lb ai/A for preemergent and early postemergent control.
Gallery 75 DF at 1 lb ai/A for early postemergent control.
V-10142 at 0.38 to 0.75 lb ai/A for preemergent and early postemergent control.
36
Appendix 1: Contributing Researchers
Dr. Rick Boydston USDA-ARS
Veg. & Forage Crops Production Res.
24106 N. Bunn Road
Prosser, WA, 99350-9687
Dr. Charles Gilliam Auburn University
Dept. of Horticulture 101 Funchess Hall
Auburn, AL, 36849
Dr. Joseph Neal North Carolina State University
Dept. of Horticulture
P.O. Box 7609
Raleigh, NC, 27695-7609
Mr. Richard Regan North Willamette Co Extension
Oregon State University 15210 NE Miley Rd
Aurora, OR 97002-9543
Dr. Andrew Senesac Long Island Horticulture R&E. Ctr.
Suffolk Cty Cooper Ext. 3039 Sound Ave.
Riverhead, NY, 11901-1098
Dr. Cheryl Wilen UC Cooperative Extension, Los Angeles County
4800 E. Cesar E. Chavez Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90022
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