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141EE0402-Engineering Mechanics
UNIT- I : Basics and Statics of Particles
Force
•Force is an agent which produces or tends to produce,destroys or tends to destroy the motion of body orparticles.
•Vector Quantity , Unit : Newton
Forms and Characteristics of Forces
It has four characteristics I. DirectionII. MagnitudeIII. Point on which it actsIV. Line of action
Line of Action of force
•The line of action of a force f is a geometricrepresentation of how the force is applied.
• It is the line through the point at which the force isapplied in the same direction as the vector f→.
System of forces
When two are or more forces acts act on abody, they are called system of forces.1. Coplanar Force system – 2D and Non – Coplanar
system – 3D
2. Concurrent and Non – Concurrent Force system
3. Collinear and Non- Collinear Force system
4. Parallel – Like and Unlike
Coplanar Force System – 2D
Non- Coplanar Force System – 3D
Concurrent and Non – Concurrent Force system
Concurrent Forces Non- Concurrent Forces
Collinear and Non- Collinear Force system
Collinear Forces Non – Collinear Forces
Parallel Force system
Examples
Just Identify Force system
Particle
•A Particle may be defined as a portion of a matterwhich is infinitely small in size in all directions.
• It has no size, but it has mass
•Example : For astronomical Calculation, the earthmay be assumed to be particle.
•For mathematical description, a particle denotes abody in which all the materials are concentrated atpoint.
Resultant Force
• If a number of forces acting on a particlesimultaneously are replaced by a single force, whichcould produce the same effect as produced by thegiven forces, that single force is called ResultantForce.
• It is an equivalent force of all the given forces.
Example:
Example
•Find the resultant of force system shown in figure
Procedure
• Step 1 : Find algebraic sum of the horizontal components
• Step 2 : Find algebraic sum of vertical components
Cont’d
• Step 3 : Find the magnitude of Resultant force
• Step 4: Find the direction of Resultant Force
Example:
Three coplanar concurrent forces are acting at apoint as shown in figure. Determine the resultant inmagnitude and direction.
Cont’d
Four coplanar concurrent forces are acting at a pointas shown in figure. Determine the resultant inmagnitude and direction.
Equilibrium of Particle in 2D
• If the resultant of a number of forces acting on aparticle is zero, the particle is in equilibrium. The setof forces, where resultant is zero, are calledEquilibrium Forces.
•Equilibrant: (E) is equal to the resultant force (R) inmagnitude and direction, collinear but opposite innature.
Conditions of Equilibrium
Example
Free body Diagram (FBD)
• In equilibrium analysis of structures/machines. It isnecessary to consider all the forces acting on thebody and exclude all the forces which are notdirectly applied to it.
•The problem becomes much simple if each body isconsidered in isolation. Such a body which has beenso separated or isolated from the surroundingbodies is called free body
•The sketch showing all the forces (both external andreaction) and moments acting on the body is calledas the free body diagram
Example - FBD
Action and Reaction
Example
Example 2
Resultant and Equilibrium of forces in 3D (Non-Coplanar)
•Mainly used to convert force magnitude to forcevector by multiply with unit vector.
•Methods used to express force as Cartesian vector:Three angles and force magnitude Coordinates and force magnitude
3D –Cartesian Coordinate system
Type 1: Three angles Given
Type 2: Coordinates and Force Magnitude
• Find coordinates with respect to origin
•Position vector = OP = (PO- OO)
•Unit vector = OP / mag of OP
•Force vector = Force magnitude x Unit vector
Example
Find coordinates with respect to originPosition vector = OP = (PO- OO)Unit vector = OP / mag of OPForce vector = Force magnitude x Unit vector
Cont’d
Cont’d
2D- Concurrent Force System
•Resultant of two concurrent forces
• It is calculated by Parallelogram law of forces
2D – Equilibrium • Lamis Theorem
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