introduction to network architecture
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Slide 1
Introduction
Chapter 1
Monday Sept 8th, 2008
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Slide 2
Uses of Computer Networks
Business Applications
Home Applications
Mobile Users Social Issues
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Slide 3
Business Applications of Networks
A network with two clients and one server.
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Slide 4
Business Applications of Networks (2)
The client-server model involves requests and replies.
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Slide 5
Home Network Applications
Access to remote information
Person-to-person communication
Interactive entertainment
Electronic commerce
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Slide 6
Home Network Applications (2)
In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.
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Slide 7
Home Network Applications (3)
Some forms of e-commerce.
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Slide 8
Mobile Network Users
Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.
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Slide 9
Network Hardware
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Wide Area Networks (WAN) Wireless Networks
Home Networks
Internetworks
Wednesday Sept 10th, 2008
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Slide 10
Broadcast Networks
Types of transmission technology
Broadcast links Broadcast : send to everyone
Multicast : send to a set of nodes
Point-to-point links
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Slide 11
Broadcast Networks (2)
Classification of interconnected processors by scale.
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Slide 12
Local Area Networks
Two broadcast networks
(a) Bus (e.g. Ethernet - IEEE 802.3)
(b) Ring
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Slide 13
Metropolitan Area Networks
A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
Another example : (Wimax IEEE 802.16)
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Slide 14
Wide Area Networks
Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.
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Slide 15
Wide Area Networks (2)
A stream of packets from sender to receiver.
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Slide 16
Wireless Networks
Categories of wireless networks:
System interconnection (e.g.
Bluetooth)
Wireless LANs (e.g. Wifi)
Wireless WANs (e.g. Mobilephone, Wimax)
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Slide 17
Wireless Networks (2)
(a) Bluetooth configuration
(b) Wireless LAN
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Slide 18
Wireless Networks (3)
(a) Individual mobile computers
(b) A flying LAN
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Slide 19
Home Network Categories
Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals
Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)
Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)
Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco) Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam).
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Slide 20
Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies
Design Issues for the Layers
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
Service Primitives The Relationship of Services to Protocols
Monday Sept 15th, 2008
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Slide 21
Network SoftwareProtocol Hierarchies
Layers, protocols, and interfaces.
Protocol : agreement between two parties
(peers) on how communication is to proceed
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Slide 22
Protocol Hierarchies (2)
The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.
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Slide 23
Protocol Hierarchies (3)
Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5.
M : message
H : Head
T : Tail
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Slide 24
Design Issues for the Layers
Addressing (to whom)
Error Control (error in message content)
Flow Control (transmitted too fast) Multiplexing (sharing the wire)
Routing (changing from one network to another)
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Slide 25
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Services
Six different types of service.
Before communication,
set up configuration
e.g. mobile communication
No set up before
communication,
e.g. SMS
Service : a communication functionprovided by a layer to the upper layer
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Slide 26
Service Primitives
Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-
oriented service.
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Slide 27
Service Primitives (2)
Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a
connection-oriented network.
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Slide 28
Services to Protocols Relationship
The relationship between a service and a protocol.
Service vs Protocol
Communication Service : set of primitives at the interface level
Protocol : set of rules on message format and meaning
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Slide 29
Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model Open Systems Interconnection
The TCP/IP Reference Model
A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Monday Sept 22nd, 2008
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Slide 30
Reference Models
The OSI
referencemodel.
PDU :
Protocol Data Unit
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Slide 31
Reference Layer
Layer 1 (Physical layer) : transmit 1,0 over a physical signal (electric, voltage,
noise, )
Layer 2 (Data link layer) : transmit a sequence of bits called Frame. The size of a
frame is limited. Error transmission is handled there. Ack support
When broadcast network (ethernet) than handles network access
Layer 3 (Network layer) : transmission over other physical networks. Routing
function. Congestion (Flow control)
Layer 4 (Transport layer) : Message of any length. Overall communication service.
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Slide 32
Reference Models (2)
The TCP/IP reference model.
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Slide 33
Reference Models (3)
Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.
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Slide 34
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
Concepts central to the OSI model
Services
Interfaces
Protocols
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Slide 35
A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
Why OSI did not take over the world
Bad timing
Bad technology Bad implementations
Bad politics
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Slide 36
Bad Timing
The apocalypse of the two elephants.
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Slide 37
A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Problems: Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
Not a general model
Host-to-network layer not really a layer No mention of physical and data link layers
Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace
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Slide 38
Hybrid Model
The hybrid reference model to be used in this book.
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Slide 39
Example Networks
The Internet
Connection-Oriented Networks:
X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM
Ethernet
Wireless LANs: 802:11
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Slide 40
The ARPANET
(a) Structure of the telephone system.
(b) Barans proposed distributed switching system.
1970s
TCP/IP 1974
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Slide 41
The ARPANET (2)
The original ARPANET design.
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Slide 42
The ARPANET (3)
Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.
(c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
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Slide 43
NSFNET
The NSFNET backbone in 1988.
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Slide 44
Internet Usage
Traditional applications (1970 1990)
E-mail
News Remote login
File transfer
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Slide 45
Architecture of the Internet
Overview of the Internet.
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Slide 46
ATM Virtual Circuits
A virtual circuit.
Wednesday Sept 25th, 2008
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Slide 47
ATM Virtual Circuits (2)
An ATM cell (i.e. packet).
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Slide 48
The ATM Reference Model
The ATM reference model.
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Slide 49
The ATM Reference Model (2)
The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions.
h
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Slide 50
Ethernet
Architecture of the original Ethernet.
i l A
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Slide 51
Wireless LANs
(a) Wireless networking with a base station.
(b) Ad hoc networking.
Wi l LAN (2)
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Slide 52
Wireless LANs (2)
The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
Wi l LAN (3)
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Slide 53
Wireless LANs (3)
A multicell 802.11 network.
N k S d di i
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Slide 54
Network Standardization
Whos Who in the Telecommunications World
Whos Who in the International Standards World
Whos Who in the Internet Standards World
ITU
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Slide 55
ITU
Main sectors Radiocommunications
Telecommunications Standardization
Development
Classes of Members
National governments
Sector members Associate members
Regulatory agencies
IEEE 802 Standards
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Slide 56
IEEE 802 Standards
The 802 working groups. The important ones are
marked with *. The ones marked with are
hibernating. The one marked with gave up.
M t i U it
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Slide 57
Metric Units
The principal metric prefixes.
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