introduction to computer systems (2019fall) · 2019-09-05 · introduction to computer systems...

Introduction to Computer Systems(2019 Fall)

Seungbum Jo

Chungbuk National University

Course introduction

Course information

- Instructor : Seungbum Jo (조승범)(Office : S4-329, E-mail : sbjo@chungbuk.ac.kr)

- Time & Date, and Place :

S4-102 (Mon, 11:00 – 13:00, Thu, 14:00 – 15:00)

- Office Hour : Wed 15:00 – 17:00

- Course Homepage : https://cbnu.blackboard.com/ -> 컴퓨터시스템개론

Highly recommend to use course board for Q/A.

Course Objectives

Why study this course?

- What topics will we study in computer science department?

- This course covers MOST of computer science topics/ courses ‘very roughly’.

(Each 1-semester course will be covered in 1 week)

Schedule of Topics

(Each Topic will be covered in 1- 2 weeks)

- Introduction - Data Storage- Data manipulation- Operation Systems- Algorithms- Programming Languages- Software Engineering- Data Abstractions- Database Systems- Computer Graphics - Artificial Intelligence- Theory of Computation

Course Material

Computer Science: An Overview, J.Glenn Brookshear, Dennis Brylow, Pearson, 2019

(컴퓨터 과학 총론 by J.Glenn Brookshear 13판)

Grading Policy

- Midterm (30%)- Final (40%)- Homework (4-5?) / Programming Assignments (1-2) (20%)- Extra (10%, attendance, etc..)

The students will receive an automatic failure if- Miss midterm or final exams, or- Cheat the exams / assignments.

- Any assignment submission that is more than 3 days late may not be graded (penalized 30% per day).

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Computer Science An Overview13th Edition

Chapter 0Introduction

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What is a computer?A computer is a electromechanical device which can be programmed to change (process) information from one form to another.

ProgramInput Data Output data

10 , 20 Plus 30

기생충.avi Play 기생충 movie

1.hwp2.hwp

Compress 12.zip

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What is a computer?A computer is a electromechanical device which can be programmed to change (process) information from one form to another.

–Do exactly as they are told.–Digital devices: Understand only two different states

(OFF and ON)

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What is a computer?

Hardware SoftwareProgram

PlusMinus

….Algorithm

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The Role of Algorithms• Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is

performed

• Program: A representation of an algorithm

• Programming: The process of developing a program

• Software: Programs and the algorithms they represent

• Hardware: The machinery

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The Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two positive integers

GCD (150, 18) = GCD (18, 150%18 = 6) = GCD (6, 0) = 6

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The Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two positive integers

The gcd of 150 and 18 is : 6

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History of Algorithms• The study of algorithms was originally a subject in

mathematics.

• Early examples of algorithms– Long division algorithm– Euclidean Algorithm

• Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem: Some problems cannot be solved by algorithms.

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The History of Computing

• Early computing devices– Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers– Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s)

▪ Positions of gears represent numbers▪ Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage

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Pascal’s calculator (only support addition and subtract)

Leibniz’s calculator (support Arithmetic (+, - , ×, ÷ operations)

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Figure 0.3Chinese Wooden Abacus

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The History of Computing

• Babbage’s machine• Plan for calculating and printing mathematical tables

like they were used in the navy (Difference Engine).• Plans for an improved device, capable of calculating

any mathematical function.• Not completed

Charles Babbage

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First programmer – Ada Lovelace

• Ada Lady Lovelace, was working with Babbage on the Analytical Engine.• First ideas of algorithm representation and

programming languages.• Realized program loops and conditional statements.

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Early Data Storage• Punched cards

– First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth

– Storage of programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine– Popular through the 1970’s

• Gear positions

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Early Computers• Based on mechanical relays

– 1940: Stibitz at Bell Laboratories– 1944: Mark I: Howard Aiken and IBM at Harvard

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Vacuum tube

1st generation Computer (1940 – 1958)• Based on vacuum tubes

• Enormous (taking entire rooms)• Relied on machine language, and they could only

solve one problem at a time.• UNIVAC, ENIAC….

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Three women operating the ENIAC’s main control panel

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2nd generation Computer (1958 – 1963)• Based on Transistors

• Smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient than 1st generation.

• First operating system, and moved from machine language to symbolic, assembly, or high-level programming languages (COBOL, FORTRAN).

Transistor (1947)

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3rd generation Computer (1964 – 1970)• Based on IC (Integrated Circuit)

• Instead of punched cards and printouts, use keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.

• Time sharing, Multiprogramming.• First time became accessible to a mass audience.

Integrated Circuit

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4th generation Computer (1971 - )• Based on microprocessor (thousands of IC in a single

chip)– Apple Computer established in 1976.– IBM introduced the PC in 1981.

▪ Accepted by business▪ Became the standard hardware design for most

desktop computers▪ Most PCs use software from Microsoft

4004 processor

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Apple-1 (1976)Altair 8800 (1974)First commercial personal computer

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End of the 20th Century• Internet revolutionized communications

– World Wide Web– Search Engines

• Miniaturization of computing machines– Embedded (GPS, in automobile engines)– Smartphones

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5th generation computer• Based on artificial intelligence

• Parallel processing

• Quantum computation..