introduction to 1.2

Introduction to 1.2

“Totally Ultimate”

1.2 Totally Ultimate

• Demonstrate knowledge of body structure and function in a physical activity (Ultimate)

• Students will participate in a ultimate Frisbee tournament and analyse anatomical and physiological concepts in relation to this

• 5 Credits

Lesson Structure

Anatomy

• Body structure• Skeletal System• Joints• Joint Movement• Muscular System• Muscle Movement

Lesson Structure

Physiology

• Energy Systems• Exercise Systems• Short Term/Long term effects• Body Types

Lesson Structure

Biomechanics

• Motion & Gravity• Stability & Balance• Levers• Newton's Laws• Force Summation

Skeletal System• Foundation on which the body is

structured • Used to support and protect internal

organs as well as allowing movement to occur.

Muscular System

• Made up of muscles, which provide force for movement

• Pulls bones around a joint, either closer together or further apart, allowing movement to occur

Respiratory System• Takes oxygen from the

environment to the lungs• Removes carbon dioxide from the

lungs to the environment

Cardiovascular System

• Pumps blood around the body, where it is used by the muscles and organs

• Transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and blood

The Skeletal System

Skeletal System

oMade up of 206 Bones and 200-350 joints oAct as a hard framework that gives shape and structure to

the bodyoProtects fragile organs such as brain and heart by

surrounding with strong boneoProvide muscles with places to attach to each boneoCreates movement as a muscle that is attached to 2 bones

at either end is activated, it can then pull the bones together.

Cranium

Mandible

Sternum

Rib Cage

Clavicle

Radius

Carpals

Phalanges

Tibia

Humerus

Ulna

Femur

Patella

Fibula

Tarsals Metatarsals

Phalanges

Meta-Carpals

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Illium

Coccyx

Sacral orSacrum

Scapula

The Muscular system

The Muscular System

The Muscular System

o3 different types of muscles in the body, skeletal, smooth & cardiac

oMain type of muscle is skeletal muscle. These attach to the bones and act over joints. As contraction occurs they shorten and pull the bones together to produce movement

oMuscles are connected to bones by tendons. Muscles can enlarge or reduce in size depending on the amount of exercise or activity people do.

Pectoralis MajorBicep Brachii

Rectus Abdominus

Quadriceps

Tibialis Anterior

Brachioradialis

Deltoid Tricep

Latissimus DorsiGluteus Maximus

Hamstring

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Joints

Joints of the Body

Joints are the connection point between each bone in the body. Where two bones meet is known as a joint

• Ball and Socket

• Hinge Joint

• Pivot Joint

Ball-and-Socket Joints

• Made up of round end (ball) and a depression on the other bone (socket)– head of humerus

into cavity of scapula

– head of femur into cavity of hip bone

• Movement in all directions

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Hinge Joints

• Similar to hinge on a door. Restricted movement between 2 bones, only forward and backwards– ulna and humerus at

elbow joint– femur and tibia at

knee joint– finger and toe joints

Hinge Joints

Pivot Joints

• Allows fixed movement between the two bones. Movement occurs in rotary direction both forwards and backwards

• E.g Neck

Pivot Joints

Joint Movement

Flexion

Decreasing the angle around a joint, between two body parts’

Flexion Leg

Reducing the angle between the gastrocnemius and the hamstrings.

Bringing foot towards the bum.

Flexion Arm

Reducing the angle between the Bicep and the Brachioradialis.

Bringing forearm towards the bicep.

Extension

Increasing the angle around a joint, between two body parts’

Extension Leg

Increasing the angle between the gastrocnemius and the hamstrings. Bringing foot away from the bum.

Extension Arm

Increasing the angle between the Tricep and the Brachioradialis. Bringing forearm away from the

bicep.

Abduction

‘Taking a limb away from the midline of the body’

Abduction Leg

Taking the leg out and away from the body’s core.

Abduction Arm

Taking the arm out and away from the body’s core.

Adduction

‘Bringing a limb back towards the midline of the body’

Adduction Leg

Bringing the leg back towards the body’s core.

Adduction Arm

Bringing the arm back towards the body’s core.

Plantar & Dorsi Flexion

Plantar Flexion Foot

Pointing the toes down so that the angle between the tibialis anterior

and the metatarsals increases.

Dorsi Flexion Foot

Pointing the toes up so that the angle between the tibialis anterior and the metatarsals decreases.

Rotation & Circumduction

Rotation (forearm)

the act of rotating, so the circular movement of the forearm

Circumduction (arm/shoulder)

Circular motion involving all movements. Distal end moves in a circular motion while the proximal

end remains stable

Pronation & Supanation

Pronation

Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward e.g

spilling your soup

Supanation

Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward e.g

receiving money

Muscles & Bones Actions

Muscles cannot push, they can only pull. For this reason, they work in pairs – one muscle pulls

by shortening its length (contraction), while its partner relaxes and lengthens. To return to the

original position, the muscles reverse their roles. At the end of a movement the

antagonist muscle slightly contracts to slow the movement down.

Muscles & Bone actions

• Agonist/Prime Mover:– The contracting muscle causing

the movement over the joint

• Antagonist:– The muscle that relaxes to allow

movement to occur on the other side of the joint

– Note that the antagonist may also be an agonist in another exercise