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INTERNETOFµTHINGS,NANOTHINGS&BIO-NANOTHINGS
I.F.AKYILDIZ
KenByersChairProfessorinTelecommunicationsGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineeringBWN(BroadbandWirelessNetworking)Lab
Atlanta,GA30332,USAhttp://bwn.ece.gatech.edu
IFA’2017 TUNIS
INTERNETOFTHINGS
n InterconnectionofThingsorObjectsorMachines,
e.g.,sensors,actuators,mobilephones,electronicdevices,homeappliances,anyexistingitems
andinteractwitheachotherviaInternet
2
KevinAshton, “TheInternetofThings”,Procter&Gamble,1999.L.Atzori,A.Iera,G.Morabito,”TheInternetofThings:ASurvey”,ComputerNetworks(Elsevier)Journal,Oct.2010.
IFA’2017 TUNIS
THINGSCONNECTED:COMMUNICATEDBETWEENPHYSICALWORLDANDINFORMATIONWORLD
3
IFA’2017 TUNIS
ROUGHMARKETSIZE
nCurrentInternet– 700Millionhosts– 1.4Billionusers
n InternetofThingshasthepotentialforasizeinTrillions
n 5GSystems:BillionsofPeople/TrillionsofThings
4
IFA’2017 TUNIS
INTERNETOFTHINGS:PERSPECTIVE
AnyTIME
AnyTHING
AnyPLACE• HumantoHuman(H2H)• HumantoThing(H2T)• ThingtoThing(T2T)
• Outdoors• Indoors• OntheMove
• OntheMove• OutdoorsandIndoors• NightsandDaytime
5
IFA’2017 TUNIS
MAJORCHARACTERISTICS
n VeryLargeScale
n Heterogeneity
n PervasivityComputingandcommunicationtechnologieswillbeembeddedinourenvironments
6
IFA’2017 TUNIS
APPLICATIONSOFIOT
Network
Biosensors
PublicPlacesHomes
RegionalOffices
VirtualEnvironments
Transportation&Vehicles
7
IFA’2017 TUNIS
IOT APPLICATIONS
8
IFA’2017 TUNIS
APPLICATIONOFIOT:SHOPPING
Whenshoppinginthemarket,thegoodswillintroducethemselves.
Whenenteringthedoors,scannerswillidentifythetagsonherclothing.
Whenpayingforthegoods,themicrochipofthecreditcardwillcommunicatewithcheckoutreader.
Whenmovingthegoods,thereaderwilltellthestafftoputanewone.
9
IFA’2017 TUNIS
APPLICATIONOFIOT:HEALTHCARE
10
IFA’2017 TUNIS
n NationalHealthInformationNetwork
n ElectronicPatientRecord
n HomeCare:MonitoringandControl
n OperatingRoomoftheFuture
n ProgressinBioinformatics
n TrackingforHealthcare(trackingpatients)
n PatientandStaffIdentificationandAuthentication
n MedicalDataCollection
APPLICATIONOFIOT:HEALTHCARE
11
IFA’2017 TUNIS
APPLICATIONOFIOT:SMARTENVIRONMENTDOMAIN
* ComfortableHomesandOffices(IoT isagreentechnology!)
• SmartIndustrialPlants
• SmartEntertainmentEnvironments(gym)
• SmartSchools
12
IFA’2017 TUNIS
APPLICATIONOFIOT:SMARTHOME
13
IFA’2017 TUNIS
APPLICATIONOFIOT:SMARTHOME
• EnergyManagement
• In-houseentertainmentControl
14
IFA’2017 TUNIS
ApplicationofIoT:Transportation
15
• Savelivesandproperty• Reduceemissionsand• Cutcommutingtimeandeffort
IFA’2017 TUNIS
SCVGateway
Tetheredconnection
InternalWiFi
ExternalWiFi
DSRC802.11p
(Multiple)3G,4G/LTE
Bluetooth
ApplicationofIoT:Transportation
1.3GB/h
SATELLITE
16
IFA’2017 TUNIS
ApplicationofIoT:MonitoringtheEnvironment
17
IFA’2017 TUNIS
4LAYERSMODELOFIOT
SmartLogistic SmartGrid GreenBuilding SmartTransport Env.Monitor
DataCenter SearchEngine SmartDecision Info.Security DataMining
WWAN
WPAN
WMAN
WLAN
Internet
GPS SmartDevice RFID Sensor Sensor
IntegratedApplication
InformationProcessing
NetworkConstruction
SensingandIdentification
18
IFA’2017 TUNIS
RECENTIOT PRODUCTS
19
IFA’2017 TUNIS
IOT PLATFORMSONTHEMARKET
n GEPredixn CiscoIoT Cloudn IBMWatsonIoTn PTCThingWorx
20
IFA’2017 TUNIS
n ITservices(businessconsulting)àMajorDriver
n IoT drivesdemandforDATAANALYTICS:Datamustbemanaged,integratedandanalyzed
n IoT drivesdemandforCLOUDCOMPUTING
n IoT dataà DATABROKERIoT generateddataisbought,analyzedandsolde.g.,IBMbuysTheWeatherCompanydata
n InteroperabilityProblems
n Security 21
IOT TRENDSTOWATCHINTHEFUTURE
IFA’2017 TUNIS
RESEARCHCHALLENGES
n Scalabilityn Handledatageneratedby50billiondevicesnMovecloudservicestoedgeofthenetwork(FogComputing)n Reducedatatobestored(ProcessingandStorage)n Standardizationn Interoperabilityn InterfacestoCLOUDserversmustbestandardizedn PowerConsumptionProblem(EnergyHarvesting)n SDN/NFVBasedIoT
22
IFA’2017
IOT CONNECTIVITYCOMPETITIVELANDSCAPE
Range(m)
DataRate
1 10 100 1000 5000
100bps
10kbps
100kbps
1Mbps
10Mbps
802.15.4
23
IFA’2017
Current3GPPStandardizationforIoT
eMTC•NB-IoT
EC-GSMRelease13
CategoryMdeviceforLTE
NarrowbandIoT
ExtendedCoverageGSM
24
IFA’2017
SCALINGTOCONNECTTHEINTERNETOFTHINGS
25
eMTC (Cat-M1)Upto1Mbps1.4MHznarrowband
NB-IoT (Cat-M2)10sofkbpsto100sofkbps180kHznarrowband
LTECat-1Upto10Mbps20MHz
LTEAdvanced>10Mbpsnx20MHz
ScalingdownincomplexityandpowerScalingupinperformanceandmobility
LTE Advanced(Today+) LTEIoT (Release13+)
Significantlywideningtherangeofenterpriseandconsumerusecases
ConnectedHealthcare
Mobile
VideoSecurity
Wearables
ObjectTracking
UtilityMetering
SmartBuildings
CityInfrastructureEnvironment
Monitoring
ConnectedCar
IFA’2017 TUNIS
5GIOT:EXPECTEDDESIGNTARGETS
MassiveNumberofdevices
ExtendedBatteryLife
ExtendedCoverage
HighDataRate
Ultra-lowlatency
Very-highreliability
10-100xmoredevices
10yearbatterylife
Upto10Gbps
Under1mslatency
<10-7 packeterrorrate
Release133GPPIoT
>20dBcoverageextension
26
IFA’2017 TUNIS 27
1.ATOMICGPS(C-SCANà Chip-ScaleAtomicNavigationQuASARà QuantumAssistedSensing)
2.TerahertzFrequencyElectronics;Meta-materials;DevicesandCommunications
3.AVirusShieldfortheInternetof Things(TheHighAssuranceCyberMilitarySystemsprogram,orHACMS)
4.RapidThreat Assessment
LESSON:DARPANEWS(2014):4DARPAPROJECTSBIGGERTHANTHEINTERNET
IFA’2017 TUNIS
ENABLINGTECHNOLOGIESOFIOT
RFID Sensor SmartTech NanoTech
TaggingThings:
Toidentifyandtrackthedataofthings
SensingThings:
Tocollectandprocessthedatatodetectthechangesinthephysicalstatusofthings
ThinkingThings:
BuildintelligenceattheNWborder
ShrinkingThings:
Tomakethesmallerthingswiththeabilitytoconnectandinteract.
28
IFA’2017 TUNIS
SCIENTIFICAMERICA:TOP10EMERGINGTECHNOLOGIESOF2016
nInternetofThingsgoesNANO
nhttps://www.scientificamerican.com/report/the-top-10-emerging-technologies-of-2016
29
IFA’2017 TUNIS
CURRENTIOTENABLINGTECHNOLOGIESANDTHEIRLIMITATIONS
nRFIDTags:– Smallsize,donothaveabattery,but…– Noprocessing,datastoringorsensingcapabilities.
nMicro-Sensor-ActuatorNetworks:– Someprocessinganddatastoragecapabilities,but…– LargeSizes;HighEnergyLimitations;LimitedSensingCapabilities;- OperationandMaintenanceCumbersome
CANWEDOBETTER???30
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NANO-THINGS
nMuchsmaller
n Lesspowerhungry+self-powered
n Abletodosomeprocessing+datastorage
nMoresensitive(enablingmoreapplications)
n Newnanosensingcapabilities
HOWCANWECREATETHESENANO-THINGS???
31
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NANOTECHNOLOGY
n Enablesthecontrolofmatteratanatomicandmolecularscale:
– Atthisscale,nanomaterialsshownewproperties notobservedatthemicroscopiclevel
– Objective:Exploittheseproperties&developnewdevicesandapplications
32
1 nm
IFA’2017 TUNIS
DESIGNOFNANO-THINGS
33
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NanomaterialBasedDesign
Nano-Processor
Nano-AntennaNano-EM
Transceiver
Nanosensors
Nano-Memory
Nano-Power Unit6 μm
2 μm
1 μm
Bio-inspiredDesign
Nano-Processor
Nanosensors
Nano-Memory
6 μm
2 μm
100 nm
Nano-Battery
Nano-Antennas
Nano-Transceiver
34
DESIGNOFNANO-THINGS
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NANOMATERIAL:GRAPHENE
35
<1nm
nAone-atom-thickplanarsheetofbondedcarbonatomsinahoneycombcrystallattice:
IFA’2017 TUNIS 36
GRAPHENEINVENTORS
n2010NobelPrizeinPhysics
– AndreGeimandKonstantinNovoselov
– Distinguishedfor“groundbreakingexperimentsregardingthetwo-dimensionalmaterialgraphene”
LaureatesoftheNobelPrizeinPhysics
(2010)
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NANOMATERIALS:CARBONNANOTUBES&GRAPHENENANORIBBONS&FULLERENES
n GrapheneNanoribbons(GNR):a thinstripofgraphenen CarbonNanotubes(CNT):rolledgraphenen BuckyBalls:a graphenesphere
37
<50nm 1-50nm
CNTGNR BuckyBall
>5nm
IFA’2017 TUNIS
GRAPHENE
n First2Dcrystaleverknown (Only1atomthick!!!)
n World’sthinnestandlightestmaterial
n World’sstrongestmaterial– e.g.,harderthandiamond,300timesstrongerthansteel
n Bendable
n Conductselectricitymuchbetterthanfiberandcopper
n Transparentmaterial
n Verygoodsensingcapabilities
àEnableaplethoraofnewapplicationsfordevicetechnologyatthenanoscaleandalsoatlargerscales:– e.g.,processors,memories,batteries,antennas,tx,sensors,etc
38
IFA’2017 TUNIS 39
Nano-antenna Nano-transceiver Nano-processor
Nanosensors Nano-memory Nano-battery
Energynano-harvester
Nano-actuators
1-10μm
1-10μm
DESIGNOFNANO-THINGSI.F.AkyildizandJ.M.Jornet,“ElectromagneticWirelessNanosensor Networks,”NanoCommunicationNetworks(Elsevier)Journal,March2010.
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NANO-SENSINGUNIT
40
PhysicalNanosensor
ChemicalNanosensor
BiologicalNanosensor
IFA’2017 TUNIS 41
NANO-POWERGENERATOR(OTHERNANO-MATERIALS?)
ZincOxidenanowirescanbeusedforvibrationalenergyharvestingsystemsinnano-devices
Highdensityarrayofnanowiresusedinpiezoelectricnano-generators
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NANO-PROCESSOR
- 32nmor20nmtransistortechnologyexistingalready!(e.g.,IBM,Qualcomm,Samsung)…– World’ssmallesttransistor(2008)isbasedonagraphenenanoribbonjust1atomx10atoms(1nmtransistor)
– Operatingfrequencycloseto1THz(comparetofewGHzincurrentsilicontransistors)
42
GrapheneTransistor
~1nm
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NANO-MEMORY
n Singleatommemories:Storeabitinasingleatom
–RichardFeynmandefinedthembackin1959!l Inhisexample,5x5x5atomswereusedtostoreabitandto
avoidinter-atominterference– 125atomsperbit– DNAuses32atomsperbit
– Example:l Goldnano-memories
43
IFA’2017 TUNIS
Design&Modeling
Fabrication
ExperimentalMeasurement
Design&Modeling
Fabrication
ExperimentalMeasurement
• PropagationModeling
• Noise• Capacity
Analysis• Interference• Measurement
§ Modulation§ Errorcontrol§ EnergyModeling§ MassiveMIMO§ Synchronization§ ChannelAccess
TERANETS(FORMERLYGRANET;2009-2013):GRAPHENEBASEDNANOSCALECOMMUNICATIONNETWORKSINTHZBANDNSF;2013-2016;2016-2019
44
Nano-Antennas Nano-Transceivers
Terahertz ChannelModeling
CommunicationMechanisms
ProofofConcept:Experimentalone-to-onelink
Objectives:*Toprovethefeasibilityofgraphene-enabledEMcommunication*ToestablishthetheoreticalfoundationsforEMnanonetworks
Nano-Batteries
Design&Modeling
Fabrication
ExperimentalMeasurement
IFA’2017 TUNIS
TERAHERTZBANDPLASMONIC FRONT-ENDJ.M.Jornet andI.F.Akyildiz,“Graphene-basedPlasmonic Nano-antennasforTHzBandCommunicationinNanonetworks,”IEEEJSAC,Dec.2013. Patent,March2013applied;March2017granted.I.F.AkyildizandJ.M.Jornet,"Graphene-basedPlasmonic Nano-transceiverforWirelessCommunicationintheTHzBand,”Patent,Dec.2013applied;July2016granted
n Firstfully-integratedTHzBandfront-endn Mostcompacttransceiver+antennaexistingtodate!!!
– PrototypecurrentlybeingdevelopedatSUNYBuffalo
45Nano-antenna
Nano-transceiver
EM Wave
SPP Wave
IFA’2017 TUNIS
INTEGRATIONOF NANO-COMPONENTS
Research Challenge!!!à DNAScaffolding
46
IFA’2017 TUNIS
OverbodyNano-Things
ConsumerElectronicDevices
“OtherNano-Things”
Internet
47
I.F.AkyildizandJ.M.Jornet,”TheInternetofNano-Things,”IEEEWirelessCommunicationsMagazine,2010.
INTERNETOFNANOTHINGS
IFA’2017 TUNIS
APPLICATION:WIRELESS ON-CHIPCOMMUNICATION
48
S. Abadal, E. Alarcon, A. Cabellos-Aparicio, M. C. Lemme, M. Nemirovsky,”Graphene-Enabled Wireless Communication for Massive Multicore Architectures”,IEEE Communications Magazine, 2013
Wirelesson-chipnetworksbyusingplanarnano-antennastocreateultra-high-speedlinks
IFA’2017 TUNIS
Nanosensors
ConsumerElectronicDevices
APPLICATION:CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICALATTACKPREVENTION
49
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NOMAN’SLAND!!!
TERAHERTZBAND
IFA'15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency[THz]
50
EVERYBODY
IFA’2017 TUNIS 51
APPLICATION:WIRELESSULTRAHIGHSPEEDINDOORNETWORKS
Tbps-LinkTbps-Link
IFA’2017 TUNIS
– Instantaneoustransferofhigh-volumestoragedatabetweenconsumerdevices
– Multimediakiosks
52
Tbps-LinkTbps-Link
APPLICATION:WIRELESSHIGH-VOLUMESTORAGETRANSFERS
IFA’2017 TUNIS
Design&Modeling
Fabrication
ExperimentalMeasurement
Design&Modeling
Fabrication
ExperimentalMeasurement
• PropagationModeling
• Noise• Capacity
Analysis• Interference• Measurement
§ Modulation§ Errorcontrol§ EnergyModeling§ MassiveMIMO§ Synchronization§ ChannelAccess
TERANETS(FORMERLYGRANET;2009-2013):GRAPHENEBASEDNANOSCALECOMMUNICATIONNETWORKSINTHZBANDNSF;2013-2016;2016-2019
53
Nano-Antennas Nano-Transceivers
Terahertz ChannelModeling
CommunicationMechanisms
ProofofConcept:Experimentalone-to-onelink
Objectives:*Toprovethefeasibilityofgraphene-enabledEMcommunication*ToestablishthetheoreticalfoundationsforEMnanonetworks
Nano-Batteries
Design&Modeling
Fabrication
ExperimentalMeasurement
IFA’2017 TUNIS
TERAHERTZCHANNEL
nDevelopedpathlossandnoisemodelsforEMcommunicationsinthe
(0.1-10THz)bandbymeansofradiativetransfertheory
n Proposeddifferentpower allocationschemesandcomputedthe
channelcapacityasafunctionofdistanceandchannelcomposition
54
J.M.Jornet andI.F.Akyildiz,"ChannelModelingandCapacityAnalysisofEMWirelessNanonetworksintheTHzBand”,IEEETrans.onWirelessCommunications,Oct.2011.ShorterversioninProc.ofIEEEICC,CapeTown,SouthAfrica,May2010.
IFA’2017 TUNIS
TOTALPATHLOSS
Frequency [THz]
Dis
tanc
e
Standard Atmosphere (1% H2O)
2 4 6 8 101mm
1m
1km
0
50
100
150
Wecancertainlynotgofurther
Thealmostabsenceofmoleculesinshortdistancesdoessimplifyeverythingintheshortrange
Forthemiddlerange,thereareseveralwindowsTENSOFGIGAHERTZSWIDE.Canweexploitthis?
55
IFA’2017 TUNIS
WHATDIDWELEARN?
nTerahertzchannelhasastrongdependenceon– Transmissiondistance– Mediummolecularcomposition
nMainfactoraffectingtheperformance– Presenceofwatervapormolecules
nIncrediblyhuge BWsforshortranges(<1m):– 100Tbpsratesarefeasible
56
IFA’2017 TUNIS
n Anewmodulationschemebasedontheexchangeoffemtosecond-longpulsesspreadintime:
TS-OOK(TimeSpreadOn/OffKeyingMechanism)
NEWMODULATIONTECHNIQUE&CAPACITYANALYSISJ.M.JornetandI.F.Akyildiz,“Femtosecond-longPulse-basedModulationforTHzBandCommunicationinNanonetworks”,IEEETr.onCommunications,May2014.ShorterforminProc.of IEEESECON,June2011.
57
IFA’2017 TUNIS
TIMESPREADON-OFFKEYING
“1” “1” “1” “1”“0” “0” “0”
TS TP
… …
Alogical“1”isencodedwithapulse:*Pulselength:Tp=100fs*Pulseenergy:<1pJ !!!
Alogical“0”isencodedwithsilence:*Ideallynoenergyisconsumed!!!*Afteraninitializationpreamble,silenceisinterpretedas0s
Pulsesarespreadintimetosimplifythetransceiverarchitecture…
58
IFA’2017 TUNIS
WHATDIDWELEARN?
n Capacityismaximizedwhen“more0sthan1s”aretransmitted:
– Bybeingsilent,absorptionnoiseandinterferencearereduced– Newcodingschemesthatexploitthisresultshouldbedeveloped!
59
IFA’2017 TUNIS
VALIDATION:ONE-TO-ONELINKEMULATION
60
Transmitter
Antenna Channel Antenna
Receiver
Modulation
Coding
Demodulation
Decoding
MAC MAC
Energy
Energy
MATLAB
COMSOL
1)MATLAB2)COMSOL
n Emulationplatformtovalidatetheproposedsolutions:
IFA’2017 TUNIS
ULTRAMASSIVEMIMOENABLEDBYPLASMONICANTENNAARRAYS
Verylargeantennaarrayswiththousandsofelements(1024)inaverysmallfootprint(afewmillimeters)!!!
– Metamaterialsfor0.05-1THz– Graphenefor1-10THz(andabove)
I.F.Akyildiz andJ.M.Jornet,“RealizingUltra-MassiveMIMO(1024by1024)CommunicationintheTerahertzBand(0.06-10THz),”NanoCommunicationNetworks(Elsevier)Journal,March2016.PatentappliedinMarch2016.
61
Combattingthetransmissiondistanceproblem:
IFA’2017 TUNIS
PLASMONIC ANTENNAARRAY
62
λspp/2
Plasmonic antenna
λspp
λ
1 2 3 4 N-3 N-2 N-1 N
Graphene/Metamaterial
DielectricGround plane
1-10 mm
IFA’2017 TUNIS
FURTHERRESEARCHCHALLENGES
n AddressingProblem
n Multihop MACProtocol
n Synchronization
n Equalization
n Newroutingmetrics
n Reliabletransportprotocol(end-to-endQoS requirements)
nNetworkAssociationandServiceDiscoverynSecuritynAuthenticationnDataIntegrity
63
IFA’2017 TUNIS 64
–THzbandisstillnotregulatedIEEE802.15(WPAN)TerahertzInterestGroup(IG-thz)(300GHzto3THz)http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/IGthz.html
- ANewIEEEStandardizationGroupcreatedfor100Gbpsin2014.
STANDARDIZATON
IFA’2017 TUNIS 65
InternetofBio-NanoThings
I.F.AKYILDIZ,M.PIEROBON,S.BALASUBRAMANIAM,Y.KOUCHERYAVY,
"THEINTERNETOFBIO-NANOTHINGS”,
IEEECOMMUNICATIONSMAGAZINE,MARCH2015.
IFA’2017 TUNIS
INTERNETOFBIO-NANOTHINGS
nCellsarenanoscale-precisebiological machines
nTheycommunicate andinteract/cooperate
66EukaryoticCellTissue
EukaryoticCell
BacteriaPopulation
ProkaryoticCell
IFA’2017 TUNIS
CELLSASBIOLOGICALNANOMACHINES
NucleusandRibosomes=BiologicalMemoryandProcessor
Mitochondria=BiologicalBattery
GapJunctions=MolecularTransmitters
Chemicalreceptors=BiologicalSensors/MolecularRx 67
IFA’2017 TUNIS
BIOLOGICALNANOMACHINES:BIOLOGICALBATTERY
Mitochondriaobtainenergybycombining:
andsynthesizing:
à AdenosineTriPhosphate orATP
– Glucose– AminoAcids– FattyAcids– Oxygen
68
IFA’2017 TUNIS
BACTERIA-BASEDNANOMACHINES
69
DNAinNucleoidandPlasmids=Nano-Memory/Processor
CellMembrane=Nano-PowerUnit
Flagellum=Nano-Actuator
Proteinreceptor=Nano-Receivers
Ribosomes=Nano-TransmittersPili
=Nano-Sensors/Actuators
SensingFunction Communication
Functions
ActuationFunction
IFA’2017 TUNIS
EukaryoticCells
ProkaryoticCells
Molecules (Proteins,Ions,Hormones)
Molecules (e.g.,AutoinducerexchangeforQuorumSensing)
TxRx
Tx/Rx
Rx/TxRx
Tx
ConjugationConjugation
Chemotaxis
70
BIOLOGICALNANOMACHINES:COMMUNICATIONTHROUGHMOLECULES
Molecules (DNAplasmids)
IFA’2017 TUNIS
BIOLOGICALNANOMACHINES
nCanwecreateman-madebiologicalnanomachines(Bio-NanoThings)?
à YES!!!
Cellscanbe“reprogrammed”viaDNAmanipulation(geneticengineering)
71
IFA’2017 TUNIS
BIO-NANOTHINGS APPLICATIONS:ADVANCEDHEALTHSYSTEMS
72
Cancer Monitoring Network
InterconnectedIntrabodyNanonetworks
HeartMonitoringNetwork
BloodSugarMonitoringNetwork
Alzheimer,Epilepsy,DepressionMonitoring
Networks
GlucoseMonitoringNano-sensors
InterfacewithExternalNetworks
BrainCellsMonitoringNetworks
IFA’2017 TUNIS
TARGETEDDRUGDELIVERY
73
Y.Chahibi,M.Pierobon,S.O.Song,andI.F.Akyildiz“MolecularCommunicationModelingofaParticulateDrugDeliverySystem”IEEETr.onBiomedicalEngineering,2013.
IFA’2017 TUNIS
BIO-NANOTHINGS:LONG-TERMAPPLICATION
74
n Bacteria-basedSensorNetworkintheGastrointestinalTract
Nanosensor/Actuator/TransceiverEngineeredBacteria
BacteriaPopulation
BacteriaMotionbyChemotaxis
PropagationofMolecularSignal
IFA’2017 TUNIS
MOLECULARCOMMUNICATION
ShortRange(nmtoµm)
MediumRange(µmtomm)
LongRange(mmtom)
MolecularMotors
CalciumIons
Bacteria
(Chemotaxis)Pheremones
andHormones
75
VeryShortRange(nm)
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NOBELPRIZEINCHEMISTRY2016
76
”forthedesignandsynthesisofmolecularmotors”
Jean-PierreSauvageUniversityofStrasbourg
France
SirJ.FraserStoddartNorthwesternUniversity
USA
BernardL.FeringaUniversityofGroningen
TheNetherlands
IFA’2017 TUNIS
MEDIUMRANGEMOLECULARCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHBACTERIALCHEMOTAXISM.Gregori andI.F.Akyildiz,"ANewNanoNetwork ArchitectureusingFlagellatedBacteriaand CatalyticNanomotors” ,IEEEJSAC(JournalofSelectedAreasinCommunications),May2010.
– Bacteriaaremicroorganismscomposedonlybyoneprokaryoticcell– Flagellumallowsthemtoconvertchemicalenergyintomotion– 4and10flagella(movedbyrotarymotors,fuelledbychemicalcompounds)– Approximately2µm longand1µm indiameter.
Rx
ConjugationConjugation
Chemotaxis
77
IFA’2017 TUNIS
MEDIUMRANGEMOLECULARCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHBACTERIALCHEMOTAXIS
78
Tx Rx
RX releaseschemicalattractantto“guide”thebacteriumuntilitobtainstheinformation
TX insertstheinformation(plasmid)inthebacterium(conjugation)
ChemicalAttractant
Plasmid
Bacterium movesinaseriesofruns andtumbles
< 1 mm
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NSFMONACO PROJECTI.F.Akyildiz,F.Fekri,C.R.Forest,B.K.Hammer,andR.Sivakumar,“MONACO:FundamentalsofMolecularNano-CommunicationNetworks,’’IEEEWirelessCommunicationsMagazine,October2012.
nNSFFunding:– $3Min4years(2012-2016)– 5PIsinwirelesscommunicationandnetworks,biology andmicrofluidicengineering
nProjectwebpage:http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/monaco/index.html
This material isbased upon worksupported by theNational ScienceFoundation underGrant No. 1110947
79
IFA’2017 TUNIS
MONACOTEAM(2012AND2016)
80
IFA’2017 TUNIS
NSFMONACO PROJECT:SPECIFICOUTCOMES
81
CommunicationModels
Simulation(NS-3)
NetworkArchitectureandProtocols
PhysicalExperiments
Generic
BacteriaCase
IFA’2017 TUNIS
ENDTOENDMODEL(2NODES)M.Pierobon,andI.F.Akyildiz,“APhysicalEndtoEndModelforMolecularCommunicationinNanonetworks,’’IEEEJSAC(JournalofSelectedAreasinCommunications),May2010.
82
ChemicalReceptor
DiffusingMolecules
Emissionrateattransmitter
Concentrationatreceiver
Inputsignal
Outputsignal
EmissionProcess
ReceptionProcess
DiffusionProcess
nAttenuation– Ashighas150dBin50µmdistance
nDelay– Intherangeofsecondsper50µm
IFA’2017 TUNIS
* M.Pierobon,andI.F.Akyildiz,“Diffusion-basedNoiseAnalysisforMolecularCommunicationinNanonetworks,’’IEEETr.onSignalProcessing,June2011.
*M.Pierobon,andI.F.Akyildiz,“NoiseAnalysisinLigand-bindingReceptionforMolecularCommunicationinNanonetworks,’’IEEETr.onSignalProcessing,Sept.2011.
End-to-EndMolecularCommunication
Transmitter Propagation Receiver
83
NOISEMODELS
Inputsignal
Outputsignal
Emission Process
Reception Process
Diffusion Process
Counting Noise
Sampling Noise
Ligand-receptor Kinetic Noise
IFA’2017 TUNIS
n Foundanalyticalclosed-formexpressionofthetheoreticalmaximumachievablerate(capacity)in[bits/sec]
n FocusontheDiffusionProcesspropagation
84
INFORMATIONCAPACITYM.PierobonandI.F.Akyildiz,“CapacityofaDiffusion-basedMolecularCommunicationSystemwithChannelMemoryandMolecularNoise,”IEEETr.onInformationTheory,Feb.2013.(ShorterversionappearedinProc.ofIEEEINFOCOM2011).
Inputsignal
Outputsignal
EmissionProcess
ReceptionProcess
ChannelMemory CountingNoise
DiffusionProcess
Persistencyofemittedmoleculesinthespace GeneratedbyMoleculessubjecttoBrownianmotion
IFA’2017 TUNIS
n Theoreticalupperboundofthecommunicationperformanceofadiffusion-basedmolecularcommunication
85
C = 2W 1+ log22PH
3WKbT⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟− 2 log2 πDd( )− 4d
3ln2πWD
+
−2W4PHRVR9W 2dKbT
+ 2W ln WRVRD
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟+
−2W ln Γ4PHRVR9W 2dKbT
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟+
−2W 1−4PHRVR9W 2dKbT
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟ψ
4PHRVR9W 2dKbT
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
Fick’sDiffusion
MoleculeLocationDisplacement
Variables
DiffusivityTemperatureTransmissionrangeBandwidthTransmissionpowerReceiverradius
INFORMATIONCAPACITY
DT
dW
PH
RVR
KB = Boltzmann's constantΓ(.) = Gamma function
IFA’2017 TUNIS 86
tInput
tOutput
Source0,1,1,0,0,1…DestinationTRANSMITTER
CHANNEL
RECEIVER
0,1,1,0,0,1…
VALIDATIONPLATFORM
§ Analyze thechannelandinformationcapacity
§ Design informationencoding/decodingtechniques,andmodulationschemes
First Annual Report CNS-1110947 MoNaCo: Fundamentals of Molecular Nano-Communication Networks
(a) PDMS Device (b) Flow paths (c) Dimensioned schematic
Figure 82: Design of the microfluidic validation platform for the receiver bacteria. (a) shows the PDMS blockon a glass coverslip. (b) shows the microfluidic channels, the bacteria chamber, and the fluid port configuration.(c) shows the dimensions of the flow channel and the bacteria chamber.
(a) Immediately after seeding (b) 11 hours after seeding
(c) Fluorescence immediately afterseeding
(d) Fluorescence 11 hours afterseeding
Figure 83: (a) and (b) are white light images of the growth in the bacteria chamber and (c) and (d) are fluores-cence microscope images showing the fluorescence due to GFP production.
134
IFA’2017 TUNIS 87
CalciumSignaling
Bacteria Communication
MolecularMotors
HormonesInternet
HealthcareProvider
Bio-CyberInterface
INTERNET OF BIO-NANOTHINGS:I.F. AKYILDIZ, M. PIEROBON, S. BALASUBRAMANIAM, Y. KOUCHERYAVY, "THE INTERNET OF BIO-NANOTHINGS”, IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE, MARCH 2015
Objective:To interconnect the heterogeneous Bio-NanoThing Networks to the Internet
Neurons
IFA’2017 TUNIS 88
CalciumSignaling
BacteriaCommunication
MolecularMotors
Hormones
HETEROGENEOUS BIO-NANOTHINGS NETWORK
Challengen Translatinginformationbetweenthe
differentBio-NanoThings networks.
Approachn DesignArtificialcells fortranslating
betweendifferentmoleculetypes.
ArtificialCells(Gateway)
IFA’2017 TUNIS 89
BIO-CYBERINTERFACE:EMNANOMACHINE GATEWAYSWITHGRAPHENE
MCReceiver
ProcessingUnit
EMAntenna
Battery
Hormones,calciumions,
etc.EMWaves
n Graphene-basedsensorsforbiologicaldetectionofMCsignalsn Graphene-basedtransistorsforinformationprocessingn Graphene–basedplasmonic nano-antenna
IFA’2017 TUNIS 90
EngineeredCell
ElectronicTattoo
BIO-CYBERINTERFACE:ELECTRONICTATTOO
n Integratedcircuitwithwirelessinterfacetattooed ontheskin
n Sensesbio-chemicalinformationfromcellsontheepidermis,sweatglands,ornervousterminations.
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FURTHER CHALLENGES
Security nEmergence of new forms of terrorism:
Bio-cyber terrorism that utilize IoBNT
– Interacts and hacks the biological environment
– Steal personal health information
– Create new disease to disrupt legitimate Bio-NanoThing networks
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FURTHER CHALLENGES
Localization and Tracking
nDesign of Bio-NanoThings to cooperatively:
– Monitor disease locations (e.g., follow biomarkers from cancer cells)
– Identification of toxic agents within the environment
IFA’2017 TUNIS 93
FURTHER CHALLENGES
Interconnecting IoBNT to IoNT to µIoT
* Interconnection will:– Escalate “Big Data” to a new level.
– Require new services to semantically map data from IoBNT and IoNT to IoT.
– Require new service discovery required to search deep into the biological environment to collect information.
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