intelligence

Theories of Intelligence and Tests of intelligence

Dr Salman Kareem Chairperson - Miss Sherry A A ( Clinical Psychologist)

Defining intelligence

Binet (1916) defined it as the capacity to judge well, to reason well, and to comprehend well.

Terman (1916) defined it as the capacity to form concepts and grasp their significance.

Pintner (1921) defined it as the ability of an individual to adapt

well to new situations in life

Thorndike (1921) defined it as the power of good responses from the point of

view of truth or fact Thurstone (1921) defined

it as the capacity to inhibit instinctive response, imagine a different response, and realize the response modification into behavior

Spearman (1923) defined it as a general ability involving mainly the ability

to see relations and correlates

Defining intelligence Piaget (1972) defined

it as referring to the superior forms of organization or equilibrium of cognitive structuring used for adaptation to the to the physical and social environment

Sternberg (1985) defined it as the mental capacity to automatize information

processing and to emit contextually appropriate behavior in response to novelty

Gardner (1986) defined it as the ability to solve problems or fashion products

valued within some setting

Wechlser (1939) defined

“it as the aggregate or global capacity of an

individual to act purposefully, think rationally,

and deal effectively with the environment”

Definition

Aggregate and Global implies it is revealed by an individual behaviour as a whole.

Purposeful implies that intelligent behaviour is goal directed which is based on drives and incentives.

•Charles Spearman’ Two factor theory

His hypothesis is all intellectual tasks must entail the exercise of a factor known as general intelligence(g factor)

In examining correlation of various subsets of intelligence, he found that certain subsets tend to correlate higher than others

Each individual type of item requiring "specific factor" called "S" factor.

•Two Factor Theory

An individual has overall supply of mental energy and the "S" factor is invoked for specific purpose as neurological engine.

He thought that it can be represented by a single number.

•LouisThrustone He contributed that

Spearman’s g factor consists of seven sub factors ( Primary mental abilities) Verbal comprehension word fluency Numerical ability spatial Visualization associative memory perceptual speed Inductive reasoning

•Cattell & Horne

Fluid Intelligence characterized by Biological factors capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and

performing activities Decreases with age

Crystallized Intelligence More characterized by environment accumulated knowledge of the world we have

acquired throughout our lives increases with age

Analytical intelligence Basic information processing

skills Creative intelligence

Ability to deal with novel versus routine problems

Practical intelligence Ability to adapt to different

contexts, and to select and shape contexts

Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Gardner (1983, 1999) supports Thurstone’s idea that intelligence comes in multiple forms.

Gardner noted that brain damage may diminish one type of ability but not others e.g., savants.

8 types of intelligence speculates about a 9th –

“existential intelligence" = ability to think about the question of life, death and existence.

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Intelligence Description

Linguistic The ability to speak and write well

Logico-mathematical The ability to use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems

Spatial The ability to think and reason about objects in three dimensions

Musical The ability to perform and enjoy music

Kinesthetic (body The ability to move the body in sports, dance, or other physical activities

Interpersonal The ability to understand and interact effectively with others

Intrapersonal The ability to have insight into the self

Naturalistic The ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

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Principles of Test Construction

For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill the following three criteria:

1. Standardization2. Reliability3. Validity

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Standardization

•The standardization of a test involves giving it to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level. •important that intelligence tests be standardized on a regular basis •FLYNN EFFECT - In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points.

FLYNN EFFECT

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Normal Curve

Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested

population in a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve.

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Reliability

A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. To establish reliability researchers establish different procedures:

1. Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.

2. Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.

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Validity

•Validity of a test refers to what the test is supposed to measure or predict•that they actually measure intelligence rather than something else

History of Intelligence Testing

1. Head Circumference (Francis Galton 1880) – first attempts to measure intelligence

2. Binet-Simon (Alfred Binet 1909) – first “intelligence test”

comissioned by French gov to separate children into vocational vs academic schooling

did not design test to measure ‘intelligence’

created concept of mental age (MA)

30 items of increasing difficulty - 1905 Revision 1908 – age specific versions These were developed to identify children who

needed ‘special’ education - Binet believed that IQ could be increased by

education

3. Lewis Terman (1916-72) first U.S. intelligence test

Interested in gifted children translated and modified Binet’s scale Heavy reliance on

vocabulary/language skills incorporated old items from the

Binet scale, plus some new items poorly standardized on 1000 children

and 400 adults who were not selected with care

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Developed Intelligence QuotientIQ = (MA/CA)*100

MA= Mental Age; CA = Chronological Age

1916 Stanford-BinetSample Items for 12 yr olds

1. Orange. 45. Sportive. 80. Exaltation. 92. Theosophy

• FOR THE STARTED AN WE COUNTRY EARLY AT HOUR

• TO ASKED PAPER MY TEACHER CORRECT I MY

• A DEFENDS DOG GOOD HIS BRAVELY MASTER

3-1-8-7-9

6-9-4-8-2

5-2-9-6-1

VocabularyGrammar

Memory• Snake, cow, sparrow

• Book, teacher, newspaper

• Wool, cotton, leather

Similarities

Interpretation

Practical Problem Solving

Currently in its 5th edition Assesses intelligence and cognitive

abilities in children and adults aged 2- 23 yrs

Total testing time 45-90 minutes Hindi adaptation –Santhosh Kumar

Kulshetertha

Binet Kamath Intelligence Scale Kamath undertook a revision of the Stanford Binet

Scales to suit Indian conditions.

The test has subtests from Age III to XXII.

For each item passed the child earns a credit of 2 months, 4 months or 6 months depending on the corresponding age.

IQ = Mental Age × 100 Chronological Age

The IQ thus obtained is classified.

Weschler Intelligence Scale

(David Weschler, 1939-81) – designed to show subtest scores

Less reliant on language/vocabulary skills Contains Verbal and Performance

subtests Performance compared to same age

peers – raw score has different interpretation depending on age

Designed widely used test for adults (WAIS), children (WISC), and preschoolers (WPPSI)

Indian adaptation WAPIS – Prabha R

WAPIS-R Testing kit

Testing Booklet

Story Cards

Puzzle Pieces

Block Design

WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 related aspects to assess clinical and educational

problems.

David Wechsler

WISC

This scale includes 12 separate sub-tests.

Age 5+ to15+

It yields Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and Full Scale IQ.

Verbal Tests•Information•General

Comprehension•Arithmetic•Similarities•Vocabulary•Digit Span

Performance Subtests•Picture Completion•Picture Arrangement•Block Design•Object Assembly•Coding•Mazes

Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Children (MISIC)

This IQ test was developed by Dr Arthur Malin.

It is an Indian adaptation of the WISC and similar to the WISC subtests.

Covers only 10 years.

Picture Arrangement is excluded in this version.

Some items are adapted to suit Indian culture.

Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and Full Scale IQ are obtained from this test.

Seguin Form Board

Aim: The individual has to insert geometrical shaped blocks into corresponding recesses as quickly as possible.

Used particularly for young children and supplemented with other tests.3-11 yrs

Advantages: Spontaneous arousal in

children. Amenable & brief. Valid ‘g’ obtained.

Measuring psychomotor and visuoperceptual abnormalities for children aged between 4 and 20 yrs.

Raven’s Progressive Matrices It is a test of observation and clear thinking.

Measures ability to form perceptual relations, reason by analogy independent of language and formal schooling.

It consists of 5 sets of 12 items each.

Each item contains a figure with a missing piece.

Norms are available for age 6 – 16.

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Bhatias performance test of intelligence

C M Bhatia 1955 5 subtests –

block design test Alexander Pass along test Pattern drawing test Immediate memory Picture construction test

11 yrs and above Not used on mentally retarded persons

Vineland Social MaturityScale Edgar A Doll , 1935 Assess the social competence / maturity

of individuals from birth to 25 yrs and above.

A J Malin – Indian version , Nagpur Child Guidance Centre birth – 15 yrs

8 domains , 89 items Gives information on social age from

which social quotient could be calculated.

Semi structured informal atmosphere Having mother along with the child. + - if a particular behaviour has emerged - if it has not emerged.

8 domains

Communication skills General self help ability Locomotion skills Occupation skills Self direction Self help eating Self help dressing Socialization skills

Distinguishing Features

Tests Verbal Component

Performance Component

WISC Yes Yes

MISIC Yes Yes

SFB No Yes

RPM No Yes

ICD 10 Classification

IQ 50 -69 Mild Mental Retardation.

IQ 35-49 Moderate Mental Retardation.

IQ 20-34 Severe Mental Retardation.

IQ Below20 Profound Mental Retardation.

Wechsler’s IQ Classification

IQ 90 – 109 Average Intelligence.

IQ 110-119 Above Average Intelligence.

IQ 120-129 Superior Intelligence.

IQ 130 and above Very Superior Intelligence.

What Next?

In the case of students with an IQ of <85 it is preferable that a revised curriculum is followed with the help of a resource person.

In the case of students with 90 and above IQ points and still showing a discrepancy between capability and achievement scores further investigations need to be done.

Further Investigations

This could be followed up with a Psychologist.

Possible reasons for poor school performance:

1. Specific Learning Disability.2. English as a Second Language issues

(ESL).3. ADHD/ ADD issues.4. Emotional Disturbance.

Conclusions

IQ tests are used as screening measures to understand the capability of the individual.

In order to get authentic results it is advisable that the test must be conducted by a trained psychologist.

Principal, teachers, parents and the student need to understand the purpose of undergoing an evaluation.

Thank you