instrumentation and control panel - crmp•describes instrumentation’s role and performance...
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Lead – Pavel Tsvetkov
Elvis Dominguez-Ontiveros
David Holcomb
Chris Poresky
Raluca Scarlat
Instrumentation and Control Panel
Texas A&M University
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
University of California, Berkeley
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Moderator – Jason Hearne Texas A&M University
December 12th, 2018 1
Instrumentation and Control Panel
• FHR Instrumentation and Control
• ORNL FHR I&C Efforts
• Chemical I&C for FHRs
• I&C Data Acquisition and Management for FHRs
• Novel I&C Sensors for FHRs and High-Resolution Reconstruction
December 12th, 2018 2Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
FHR Instrumentation and Control
December 12th, 2018 3Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Instrumentation and Control Panel
FHR Project Collaborators
Framework is An Element of MSR Campaign Planning Activities
• Framework is available as ORNL/TM-2018/868 • https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1462848-instrumentation-framework-molten-
salt-reactors• Similar information for solid-fueled MSRs was generated previously -
https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1185752-fhr-process-instruments
• Describes instrumentation’s role and performance requirements throughout an MSR’s lifecycle,
• Provides a structured MSR instrumentation technology and state-of-the-art reference, and
• Identifies MSR instrumentation technology gaps and recommending RD&D to close the identified gaps.
Overview of Findings• Modern MSRs can rely on the instrumentation demonstrated during prior MSR development
efforts. • No fundamental technology gaps have been identified that would prevent operating or maintaining
MSRs
• Improved technology, combined with the integration of modern modeling and simulation, could improve reliability and decrease operating costs.
• Largest potential impact of new instrumentation technologies is in the integration of maintenance automation into reactor design and operations
• Flow measurement has the largest technology hurdles remaining to enable deployment of robust systems.
• Technology for reliable online fuel salt sample acquisition remains at a relatively low TRL.
MSBR Program Provides Substantial Instrumentation Experience Base
• MSRE only demonstrated limited-term operations.
• Higher speed signal processing for ultrasonic flowmeters or radar level gauges was unavailable in the 1960s.
• MSRE was a small system • Decay heat removal will have a higher safety significance in a larger system.
• Fissile materials tracking (safeguards) instrumentation was not specifically considered
• Fast-spectrum MSRs will have significantly higher power densities
• Little or no MSBR residual supply chain remains active.
MSR Characteristics Change Instrumentation Performance Requirements
• Avoid the need for high-speed, safety-grade process monitoring due to the lack of rapidly progressing accidents
• Lower safety significance of individual MSR plant components decreases in-service inspection requirements
• On-line pebble health monitoring and fissile inventory control needed
• Increasing the need for automated intrusion monitoring to facilitate use of local law-enforcement personnel for plant security
• Adding requirements to inspect/monitor passive safety features to ensure that they continue to be able to perform their functions
Pebble Fuel Substantially Changes Fissile Inventory Tracking Instrumentation
• Many more discrete fuel elements
• Significant quantity diversion requires many pebbles• May involve volumetric accounting
• Material balance areas around fresh fuel, in-reactor use, and used fuel
• Key measurement points in transferring fuel between material balance areas
• Substantial increase in instrumentation complexity• No proven pebble numbering system
• Accounting for individual pebbles much more challenging
• Classical instrumentation – gamma detectors and multi-channel analyzers – appear applicable
Instrumentation Layout Needs to be Included in Early Phase Plant Layout• Difficult to assess health of large concrete structures without embedded sensors
• Lesson learned from LWR life extension
• Maintenance, recalibration, and repair will involve substantial amounts of remote handling technology
• On-line refueling reduces opportunities for personnel access
• On-line doses in containment ~1000x LWRs due to fluorine activation and thinner primary loop walls
• Breathing gear (due to beryllium and tritium contamination) substantially reduces worker effectiveness
• Replacing cabling within containment is difficult and expensive
• Remote access to high radiation environments has been from overhead cranes with long tooling
• Visual guidance primary sensor
Most Required Instrumentation Does Not Contact Salt• Heat balance performed on non-radioactive side of primary heat
exchanger
• High-degree of passive safety eliminates need for rapidly responding safety-related instruments
• High-temperature, radiation-tolerant commercial-grade instrumentation from other industrial processes can be widely employed at MSRs
Accommodating Instrument Drift, Recalibration, and Aging Remains Challenging
• MSR designs are intended to operate for years between outages
• Instruments drift over time, and some instruments may fail prematurely
• Online instrumentation replacement and/or recalibration is not mature
Operations and Maintenance Automation Was Not a Focus of the Historic MSR Development Program• Greatest potential instrumentation enhancement to MSRs is in
integrating maintenance automation• Modeling and simulation of maintenance and waste handling activities will be
especially important to ensure reliable, long-term operations
• Need for remote maintenance was highlighted in Atomic Energy Commission reviews of MSR technology (WASH-1222 and WASH-1097)
• Instrumentation advancement needs to be focused on technology improvements to enable high-reliability, cost-effective, long-lived, commercial-scale plant operation.
High-Reliability, Low-Uncertainty Flow Measurement is Not Available
• Low uncertainty measurement of coolant flow will be necessary to calculate the heat-balance
• Venturi-meters have been problematic at MSRs• NaK impulse lines are not readily available
• Primary source of error in MSRE power measurement
• Activation-based flowmeter possible for fluoride coolant salts• Fluorine-19 has (n; alpha or proton or gamma) cross sections that yield short
lived energetic gammas
• Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters are difficult to align• Standoffs substantially lower signal level
Recommended Instrumentation Development Activities
• Integration of maintenance planning and waste handling into reactor point designs to enable support for instrumentation development,
• Online salt and material coupon removal tooling,
• Instrumentation and cabling replacement tooling,
• Tooling for inspection of areas that are not readily observable,
• Online corrosion monitor development,
• Local power range monitoring technology development (e.g. high-temperature gamma thermometer),
• Salt flowmeter development,
• Fluoride salt activation flowmeter development, and
• Online redox measurement capability development.
ORNL FHR I&C Efforts
December 12th, 2018 15Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Instrumentation and Control Panel
FHR Project Collaborators
ORNL Current and Planned Efforts
• Vast experience with MSRE project
• Liquid Salt Test Loop (LSTL)• Advanced Reactor Engineering Group/Energy
Systems and Testing team• FLiNaK on site clean-up system (150 Kg)• Forced convection loop• Dynamic test section• Salt-Air Heat exchanger• High performance PLC system for operation and
data acquisition
• FLiBe clean-up system
December 12th, 2018 16Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
LSTL –Operational Experience and Lessons Learned• Pump design and testing
• High temperature seals
• Instrumentation design and control
• Heat exchanger design • Salt-air
• Ar-Air
• SiC test section coupled to metallic alloys
• Computational Fluid Dynamics and system level salt predictions
December 12th, 2018 17Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
Salt NaF-KF-LiF (FLiNaK)
Operating Temp. ≤700oC
Flow rate ≤4.5 kg/s (136 lpm)
Operating pressure Near atmospheric
Loop volume 80 liters
Power ~220 kW
Primary piping ID 2.67 cm (1.05 in.)
Initial operation Summer 2016
Salt Capabilities• Pure salt production (batch)
– ~1 kg scale Chlorides
– ~7 kg scale Chlorides, in development
– 4 kg scale Fluorides
– 165 kg scale Fluorides
• Salt flow calibration stand
– 174 lpm, ≤710°C, 120 L
– Calibrate flow meters
– Bearing development project underway
• Small forced-flow salt loop
– 60 lpm, ≤750°C
– Components acquired, in development
Planned Efforts -Instrumentation
December 12th, 2018 19Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel 19
• Redox sensors• Developed by partner universities
• Instrumentation development and testing• Pressure transducers• Flow meters• High temperature fiber-optic based
thermometry
• Increased interest to develop a road map for standardization of salt quality
• Salt Capabilities• Thermophysical properties
• Density, viscosity, specific heat,thermal conductivity/diffusivity, etc.
Chemical I&C for FHRs
December 12th, 2018 20Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Instrumentation and Control Panel
FHR Project Collaborators
Types of Functions
• Operations & control
• Early-event detection
• Plant health monitoring
• Material accountability
• Security
December 12th, 2018 21Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
Types of Sensors
• On-line
• At-line
• Off-line
• Distributed
• Energy harvesting
Chemical Sensing Needs• Liquid salt
• Redox potential• Acidity• Air/water ingress detection• Transition metals – material corrosion• Lanthanides and actinides – failed fuel• Neutron poison contaminats (B, Gd, Sm)• Tritium• Carbon – soluble, suspended particles
• Liquid other (water & other secondary coolants)• Beryllium contamination• Tritium
• Off-gas• Tritium, hydrogen• Xenon• O2, N2, H2O, H2S, CO2, CO• Fluorine gas (radiolysis product)• Dust?
• Solids• Thermal insulation, concrete – leak detection• Corrosion potential – material coupons
Performance Specifications
• Chemical, thermal, radiation environment
• Time-response
• Lifetime
• Quality assurance requirements
• Calibration needs
Types of Chemical Sensing
• Electrochemical
• Optical/spectroscopic
• Reactive medium
• Radiochemical
December 12th, 2018 22Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
Electrochemical Sensing Methods
3 cm
“A Review of Electrochemical and Non-Electrochemical Approaches to Determining Oxide Concentration in Molten Fluoride Salts”, B. Goh, F. Carotti, R. Scarlat (2018)Electrochemical Society Meeting on May 12-17, 2018, in Seattle, WA.
Carotti et al. Journal of The
Electrochemical Society, 164 (12)
H854-H861 (2017)
1 cm
Ion-Specific ElectrodesDynamic Electrochemical Methods
I (mA)
~ 2.3 V
V
O2- (dissolved) -> O2(g)
Be2+ (dissolved) -> Be (metal)
Types of Electrochemical Methods
• Potentiometric
• Amperometric
• Ion-specific
• Can probe liquid, solid, and gas phases
3 cm
Au electrode. D = 1mm
Testing crucible
December 12th, 2018 23Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
Optical Spectroscopy Development
UV-Vis reflection accessory by Pike
Technologies. Compatible with same heat
chamber used for FTIR
1cm
[5] T. Passerat De Silans, I. Maurin, et al., ‘Temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity of CaF2,
Molten Salt FTIR Development at UW Madison:Normalized reflection data for sapphire with attenuation confirmed
with literature data [1][1] T. Passerat De Silans, I. Maurin, et al, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, vol. 21, no. 25, (2009).
December 12th, 2018 24Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
Off-Line Chemical Characterization of Salt(analysis examples for hydro-fluorinated FLiBE)
12/12/18
Challenges• Sampling methods• Digestion methods• Salt-specific NIST material
standards not established• Capability for C, O, N, F, H
quantification is limited
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
provides phase change information
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
Provides Crystallographic
Information
450 ppm
70 ppm
Ni Na
Comparative Elemental Analysis
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
MS (Mass Spectroscopy)
OES (Optical Emission Spectoscopy)
Other Characterization Methods
Types of Functions
• Operations & control
• Early-event detection
• Plant health monitoring
• Material accountability
• Security
December 12th, 2018 25Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
Types of Sensors
• On-line
• At-line
• Off-line
• Distributed
• Energy harvesting
Chemical Sensing Needs• Liquid salt
• Redox potential• Acidity• Air/water ingress detection• Transition metals – material corrosion• Lanthanides and actinides – failed fuel• Neutron poison contaminats (B, Gd, Sm)• Tritium• Carbon – soluble, suspended particles
• Liquid other (water & other secondary coolants)
• Beryllium contamination• Tritium
• Off-gas• Tritium, hydrogen• Xenon• O2, N2, H2O, H2S, CO2, CO• Fluorine gas (radiolysis product)• Dust?
• Solids• Thermal insulation, concrete – leak detection• Corrosion potential – material coupons
Performance Specifications
• Chemical, thermal, radiation environment
• Time-response
• Lifetime
• Quality assurance requirements
• Calibration needs
Types of Chemical Sensing
• Electrochemical
• Optical/spectroscopic
• Reactive medium
• Radiochemical
I&C Data Acquisition andManagement for FHRs
December 12th, 2018 26Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Instrumentation and Control Panel
FHR Project Collaborators
Signal Variety
• Instrument-Based Signals• Fluid flow rate
• System temperatures• Fluid
• Structure
• Ambient Environment
• System pressures
• Visual/IR photography
• Data-Based Signals• Signal metadata
• Control actuation
• Virtual Signals• Simulated neutronic feedback
• Plant performance/health models
December 12th, 2018 27Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Instrumentation and Control Panel
Signal Collection
• In-situ strategies• Frequency response testing
• Passive inspection using analytical models
• Continuous analysis of historical data
December 12th, 2018 28Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Instrumentation and Control Panel
Signal Context
• Digital Control Systems• Data presentation
• Virtual signals
• On-line calibration
• Instrumentation network optimization
• Pervasive documentation
• Short- and long-term prognostics
December 12th, 2018 29Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Instrumentation and Control Panel
Novel I&C Sensors for FHRs andHigh-Resolution Reconstruction
December 12th, 2018 30Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Instrumentation and Control Panel
FHR Project Collaborators
What to Measure and Reconstruct?
• Field Properties (Temperature, Pressure, Strain, Neutrons, Gammas)
• Performance Dynamics Characterization for Operational Considerations (thermal, mechanical and radiation characterization)
These are needed either in real time or predictively to address operational considerations.
December 12th, 2018 31Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
Candidate Sensor Technologies
• Optical External Monitoring
• Point Sensing• In-core fission chambers (typically under 800oC,
degradation)• Self-powered detectors (thermal and fluence limitations,
under 850oC• High temperature thermocouples (drift issues, fluence
limitations, under 1100oC)
• Distributed Sensing• Fiberoptics-based sensors (multi-modal, geometrical
flexibility, high temperatures and fluences)
December 12th, 2018 32Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
High-Resolution Reconstruction
• Code Validation
• Design Development
• Licensing
• Early Degradation Detection Capability during Operation
December 12th, 2018 33Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Thermal Hydraulics Panel
Questions and Concluding Remarks
December 12th, 2018 34
Texas A&M Universitytsvetkov@tamu.edu
Elvis Dominguez-OntiverosOak Ridge National Laboratory
dominguezoee@ornl.gov
David HolcombOak Ridge National Laboratory
holcombde@ornl.gov
Chris PoreskyUniversity of California, Berkeley
chrisporesky@berkeley.edu
Raluca ScarlatUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison
raluca.scarlat@wisc.edu
Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts – Instrumentation and Control Panel
Pavel Tsvetkov
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