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Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia
Do ‘birds of a feather’ stay together? Intracouple similarity of lifestyles and
marital stability
Oliver Arránz Becker & Daniel LoisChemnitz University of Technology, Germany
Institut für Soziologie
15.10.2010 1
I. Theoretical background
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 2
The Attainment of Homogamy
• Considerable degree of couple similarity concerning a variety of characteristics– e.g., education, intelligence, BMI, attitudes
• Three origins of homogamy:1. Mating process2. Selection: „weeding out“ of incompatible couples3. Alignment/convergence: Process of becoming
more similar over time
15.10.2010 3Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia
Consequences of Homogamy: Selection Processes
• theoretical arguments from various approaches support the notion of a stabilizing impact of homogamy and alignment:1. Exchange theory: Rewards from similarity increase
relationship satisfaction which has a stabilizing impact
2. Interactionism: shared worldview facilitates interaction and reinstates one‘s own worldview (fulfilling needs of social approval)
3. New home economics: alignment as an investment
15.10.2010 4Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia
Theoretical Rationale for the Study of Lifestyles
• differentiation of social classes within modern societies– potentially increasing importance of
lifestyles as an action-theoretical complement to vertical stratification criteria (Schulze 1992)
• leisure-related lifestyles:– leisure time subject to deliberate choice →
significant changes across time expected– high potential for producing affect within close
relationships5Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy
European Network on Divorce, Valencia15.10.2010
Hypotheses
1. Lifestyle homogamy lowers the risk of marital dissolution (selection hypothesis).
2. Convergence of lifestyles, beyond initial similarity, contributes to lowering the risk of marital separation (resilience hypothesis).
3. Alignment of lifestyles varies over the life course, according to time restrictions and demands in competing life domains (life course hypothesis).
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 6
II. Method
Sample, analytical approach
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 7
Data Base
• SOEP, waves O (1998) – Y (2008)– household sample fully longitudinal dyadic design– sample: married and unmarried cohabitors without
previous marriage• analytical approach: discrete-time event history
analysis (Willett & Singer 1993)– time-varying and time-independent covariates– controls: basic sociodemographic variables, including
age and educational homogamy
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 8
Two Leisure-related Lifestyles• factor analyses yield two distinct clusters of leisure
behaviors (frequency assessments):1. Highbrow scheme: Preference for contemplative activities such
as attending museums, theater, listening to classical music (5 items covering 7 activities)• dependent upon education
2. Action scheme: Preference for physically arousing and exciting activities such as going to discotheques, cinema, going out for food and drinks, working out (4 items covering 12 activities)• negative association with age
• Satisfactory loadings and internal consistency
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 9
Data Structure
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 10
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
lifestyles (1. measurement)
lifestyles (2. measurement)
Homogamy (t1): Absolute intracouple
discrepancyPeriod of observation
for n=88 union dissolutions (convergence analyses)
Convergence: change of intracouple discrepancy (t1-t2)
Homogamy (t2): Absolute intracouple
discrepancy
Period of observation for n=183 union dissolutions (analyses on homogamy)
Sample: DescriptivesM SD T Range
Sample characteristics at first wave (1998)Marriage .91 0 – 1
Marital duration 20.93 14.38 0 – 66Child under 3 years in household .12 0 – 1
Years of education (woman) 10.7 2.756.35**
8 18
Years of education (men) 11.4 3.12 8 18
Life course events between 1999 and 2003 n %
Men enter work life 141 4.8 0 – 1
Women enter work life 253 8.5 0 – 1
Birth of a child 307 10.3 0 – 1
Empty nest 197 6.6 0 – 1
At least one partner retires 152 5.1 0 – 1
Separations between 1999 and 2008 183 5.2 0 – 1
15.10.2010 11Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia
IV. Results
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 12
Lifestyles: Gender Differences
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 13
010
2030
Per
cent
0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5Action scheme: absolute difference (1998)
Homogamy (t1): Action Scheme
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 14
Homogamy (t1): Highbrow Scheme
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 15
010
2030
4050
Per
cent
0 .5 1 1.5 2Highbrow scheme: absolute difference (1998)
Convergence (Action Scheme)
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 16
010
2030
Per
cent
-2 -1 0 1 2Action scheme: convergence (1998-2003)
Convergence (Highbrow Scheme)
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 17
010
2030
40P
erce
nt
-2 -1 0 1 2Highbrow scheme: convergence (1998-2003)
a) Effects of homogamy and convergence on marital stability
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 18
Impact of homogamy and convergence on union dissolution
model1 2 3
Couple mean Logit coefficient (b)Action scheme 1.20** .28+ .21
Highbrow scheme
-.69**-.13 .14
Absolute intracouple difference
Action scheme .39* .61* .49+
Highbrow scheme .56* -.13 .98*Action scheme * marriage ‒ -.63+ ‒
Highbrow scheme * marriage ‒ .98* ‒
Convergence (change of partner difference 1998-2003)Action scheme ‒ ‒ -.57*Highbrow scheme ‒ ‒ -.29n (couples) 3,490 2,962Number of separations 183 88Pseudo-R² (Nagelkerke) .03 .20 .14Controls: Education and age (level and homogamy), months of fulltime employment per year, children up to age 3 living in the household, relationship
type and duration
19Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia15.10.2010
Homogamy: Action Scheme
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
No difference 1 SD Difference
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 390.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
No difference 1 SD Difference
a) nonmarital cohabitation b) marital unions
Homogamy: Highbrow Scheme
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 21
a) nonmarital cohabitation b) marital unions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
No difference 1 SD difference
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 390.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
No difference 1 SD difference
Convergence (Action Scheme)
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 22
Relationship duration (years)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 400.600000000000001
0.650000000000001
0.700000000000001
0.750000000000001
0.800000000000001
0.850000000000001
0.900000000000001
0.950000000000001
1
No convergenceConvergence (1 SD)Growing apart (1 SD)
b) Alignment across the life course
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 23
Alignment: Action scheme
Action scheme man
(t2)
Action scheme man
(t1)
Action scheme
woman (t2)
Action scheme
woman (t1)
.53**
.56**
.52**
.18**
.13**.68**
24Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia15.10.2010
Alignment: Highbrow scheme
Highbrow scheme man
(t2)
Highbrow scheme man
(t1)
Highbrow scheme
woman (t2)
Highbrow scheme
woman (t1)
.48**
.50**
.54**
.10**
.11**.62**
25Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia15.10.2010
Moderated Actor-Partner-Interdependence Model (APIM)
lifestyle feature man (t2)
lifestyle feature man (t1)
lifestyle feature woman (t2)
lifestyle feature woman (t1)
26European Network for the Sociological and Demographic Studies of Divorce, Valencia15.10.2010
Transition (e.g., birth of a child)
15.10.2010 26Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia
-10
12
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
no yes
Man
's ac
tion
sche
me a
t t2 (
net o
f sco
re at
t1)
Woman's action scheme at t1 (net of partner's score)
Moderator: Birth of a ChildAction Scheme: Men's Alignment to Women
Alignment across the Life Course
• general finding: reduced alignment during the family-work phase
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 27
Summary
• Twofold impact of lifestyle homogamy on marital stability:1. (time-varying) degree of lifestyle homogamy is
negatively associated with union dissolution• marriage: highbrow scheme more important than action
scheme
2. reduction of partner discrepancy (convergence) concerning the action scheme predicts relationship stability, beyond degree of initial similarity
28Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia15.10.2010
Discussion
• Variations of divorce risks across the life course partly due to differing degree of homogamy / alignment?
• speculative origin of convergence: common fate, influence / compliance processes
• no information about shared leisure time– homogamy: absence of a discrepancy between both
partners‘ patterns of leisure behavior
29Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia15.10.2010
15.10.2010 Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia 30
If you want to learn the whole story…Arránz Becker, O. & Lois, D. (2010). Selection,
alignment, and their interplay: Origins of lifestyle homogamy in couple relationships.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 1234-1248.
Thank you for your attention!Contact: oliver.arranz-becker@soziologie.tu-chemnitz.de
Actor-Partner-Interdependence Model (APIM)
lifestyle feature man (t2)
lifestyle feature man (t1)
lifestyle feature woman (t2)
lifestyle feature woman (t1)
c2
a1
a2
b2
b1
c1
31Arránz Becker, Lois: Lifestyle homogamy European Network on Divorce, Valencia15.10.2010
Residual: woman‘s lifestyle,net of man‘s lifestyle (t1)
Residual: man‘s lifestyle (t2),net of his previous lifestyle (t1)
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