injection techniques in equines and canines

SAFTEY FIRST

PRECAUTIONS

Maintain a proper and safe distance.

Wear gloves.

Read the label.

Make sure you use the sterile syringe & needle.

Choose appropriate needle size.

Clean the injection site.

Dispose off the syringes & needles properly.

VENIPUNCTURE

First, find the jugular vein.

Locate the jugular furrow.

Occlude the vein.

Raise the head.

Watch for the rise of the vein.

Push the patients head slightly away from you while holding it up.

Wet the hair with alcohol.

If your patient is anesthetized, place a pillow under the neck.

SITE

JUGULAR VEIN AND COMMON CAROTID ARTERIAL ANATOMY AS IT AFFECTS THE IV INJECTION

NEEDLE PLACEMENT Placement of the needle into the vein should always be done with the bevel facing toward you

Correct bevel orientation decreases resistance to skin puncture. •Incorrect bevel orientation can cause the bevel to rest flat against the wall of the vein, occluding thelumen.

Alignment and Orientation

Correct Alignment and Orientation

Intramuscular Injection

Made directly into a major muscle mass with 18-20 ga needle that is 1”-1½” long

INTRA-MUSCULAR INJECTION SITES

Base of the Neck:

Buttocks Region:

Pectoral Muscles:

Top of the Rump:

Base of the Neck

The base of the horse’s neck is an injection site favored by most veterinarians This site is a triangle defined by the nuchal ligaments The cervical vertebrae The point of the shoulder, and the scapula (shoulder blade).

Buttocks Region: Below the point of the horse’s buttocks is another large muscle mass (semitendinosis)

which is a good injection site

. To find this injection site simply locate the bony protrusion which makes up the point of the buttocks (tuber ischii). Drop about 1 inch below the tuber ischii and inject anywhere in the large muscle mass along the back of the leg

Pectoral Muscles

The pectoral muscles in the chest are another possible injection site.

Top of the Rump

Many veterinarians use the top of the rump (gluteal muscles) as an injection site.

The proper location of this injection site is the intersection of a line between the tail head and point of hip and a line between the top of the croup and the point of the buttocks.

Injection Techniques

There are a few basic rules to follow no matter which injection method you use.

Insert the needle perpendicular to the skin.

Sink the needle all the way to the hub .

Always aspirate. Insert the needle quickly

and decisively.

Be prepared for an adverse drug reaction.

Rotate injection sites.

HOW TO DISTRACT?

PINCH METHOD TAP & RUB METHOD

Subcutaneous Injections

Beneath the skin, on top of the muscle layer

Ideal site for horses is side of the neck. With needles being 18-20 ga and 1”-1½”

INJECTION TECHNIQUE IN CANINES

SAFTEY FIRST

PRECAUTIONS

Maintain a proper and safe distance.

Use muzzle tape.

Wear gloves.

Read the label.

Make sure you use the sterile syringe & needle.

Choose appropriate needle size.

Clean the injection site.

Dispose off the syringes & needles properly.

Venipuncture

Indications for venipuncture

Restraint and Positioning

Vein selection

Site preparation

Equipment

Forelimb:

contd:;

Lateral saphenous vein on the hind limb can also be used:

Contd;

Contd;

Jugular Venipuncture

Contd;

Intra-muscular Injections

Appropriate sites for intramuscular injection are the quadriceps (muscle on the front of the thigh), lumbodorsal muscles (muscles either side of the lumbar spine) or the triceps muscle (behind the humerus (arm bone) in the front leg). The hamstrings (muscles at the back of the thigh) should generally be avoided due to the possibility of damage to the important sciatic nerve that runs in this area. Volumes of injection should not be more than 2-6 ml in dogs.

Different Intramuscular Injection sites in dog:

The triceps muscle belly located caudal to

the humerus is one IM injection site. The left

thumb is placed on the humerus, isolating the

muscle belly in the left hand. The needle is

placed in the muscle belly. The plunger is

withdrawn to create negative pressure. If no

blood is aspirated, the injection is given, the

needle is withdrawn and the muscle belly is

massaged to facilitate dispersion of the

injected material.

Contd;

The quadriceps muscle is located anterior to

the femur. The left thumb is on the femur. The

needle is inserted at a right angle to the

muscle belly.

Contd;

When administering an injection into the

semimembranous/semitendinosis muscle

group, the tip of the needle should be

directed toward the caudal aspect of the limb

so if the patient moves, the needle will not

advance toward the sciatic nerve. Notice the

left hand is being used to isolate the muscle

group caudal to the femur.

Contd;

The dorsal lumbar muscles on either side of

the midline can be used for IM injections. With

left thumb feel the lumbar vertebrae and give

injection away from them.

Sub-cutaneous Injections

For Sc (subcutaneous) injections, in general, use:

An 18 or 20 gauge needle, 1 to 1.5 inches long.

SC medications are deposited into the loose connective tissue just

below the dermis.

This tissue is not richly supplied with blood vessels so the absorption

rate is slow.

There are many pain receptors in this tissue so only non-irritating,

water-soluble medications in small doses should be given by the SC

route.

Placement of needle for Sub-Cut. Injection

Complications from Injections

Irritation / Inflammation.

Allergic Reactions.

Nerve Damage

ALTERNATE SITE FOR INTRAVENOUS INFUSION- Cattle

ED

C

B

A

HOW TO

SECURE IV LINE

IN LARGE ANIMALS

SQ INJECTIONS