inequalities in wealth key points measuring wealth and income evidence of wealth inequalities: ...
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Inequalities in WealthKey Points
• Measuring wealth and income• Evidence of wealth inequalities:
Types of Poverty Extent of poverty in the UK
• Causes of wealth inequalities• Consequences of wealth inequalities• Responses to tackle wealth inequalities
Measuring Wealth & Income
• What is the difference between income and wealth:
• Income – the money that people earn from work, investments or claiming benefits.
• Wealth – the ownership of assets e.g. Property, shares and savings.
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Evidence of Wealth Inequalities
• The UK is a very unequal country in terms of wealth distribution. Wealth inequalities in the UK are growing.
• Evidence of the growing wealth inequalities is the development of the Super Rich. • The Sunday Times “Rich List” of the
wealthiest people in the country - wealth possessed by a minority of people.
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Who is this?
Gopichand Hinduja and his brother Srichand made their fortunes in industry and finance.
They are the richest people in 2014 UK with a wealth of £11.9 billion!
Who else is on the ‘Rich List’?
Richard Branson - £3.6 billion
Roman Abramovich, £8.52 billion
Mike Ashley, £3.75 billion
Sir Philip and Lady Green £3.88 billion
Which celebrities are on the ‘Rich List’?
The Beckhams - £210 million
Jamie Oliver - £240 million
Simon Cowell- £300 million
Evidence of Wealth Inequalities
• Other evidence of the growing wealth inequalities in Britain in the increasing amount of poverty that exists.
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Definitions of Poverty
• What is poverty?– Lack of income or wealth means you cannot
afford the basic necessities you require for an adequate standard of living.
• Main definitions of poverty– Absolute
• Poverty in less developed countries. An individual cannot afford the basic necessities to survive.
– Relative• Poverty in a developed country. In the UK a
household that earns less than 60% of the average household income is considered to be in income poverty (poverty line).
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A Poverty Line
• A Poverty line or low income threshold is the minimum amount of income you need to have for a adequate standard of living.
• The current poverty line/low income threshold is a household whose income is 60% of the UK’s average income (after housing is paid)
• If a household income is below this then it is in poverty.
Low Income ThresholdA single parent with two children under 14 yrs =
£182 per week
Low Income Threshold
A couple with two children under 14 yrs =
£260 per week
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Key Facts
1 in 6 people in Scotland are poor
210,000 children in Scotland are in
poverty. 90,000 are in severe poverty.
72% of children in severe poverty live in
households where both parents are
unemployed
In severe poverty households, one in
five cannot afford to celebrate their
birthday or Christmas
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Evidence of Wealth Inequalities Tasks• Read pg 15-24 of the ‘Social Issues in the UK’
textbook.1. Explain what PSE is why it is important.2. Summarise the extent of wealth and poverty in the UK
according to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation Survey.3. What factors are considered when deciding if an
individual is experiencing ‘deprivation’? Why do people criticise these factors?
4. Outline the key findings from the British Social Attitudes Survey (2010), mentioning:• Evidence of the extent of poverty in the UK• Public views on how to deal with wealth
inequalities5. Outline the main groups vulnerable to poverty (pg 16-
24). For each group take notes on:a) The extent of poverty amongst this groupb) Why this group is vulnerable to povertyc) Any other relevant information
Government Policy
• The Government and its policies has a huge impact on people’s income – how?– Decide taxation levels– Economic policies – Benefits – Employment Laws
Unemployment• In Oct 2014, 6% of the UK population or just under 2 million
people were unemployed - lowest unemployment rate since the financial crisis began in 2008.
• Unemployment rate in Inverclyde rose from 3.8% in Dec 2006 to 4.9% in Nov 2011.
• Causes of unemployment– Economic & political factors
• Structural and technological changes• Govt policies• Competition and world trade• EU policies
– Personal reasons• Education• Lifestyle choices
Low Pay• Three victims of low income:1.Women– Domestic duties – P/time work
2.Low-skilled workers– Lack of job security
3.Workers in certain geographical areas– Pockets of low pay e.g. NE England– Low pay in rural areas e.g. farming
Social Exclusion• What is social exclusion?– Living on a low income.– Unable to take part in
society.– Unable to purchase
goods and services that most people take for granted.
• Social exclusion makes it more likely to be on a low income or unemployed.
Gender
• Women, in particular, lone parents are more likely to live in poverty – Why?– Lower paid jobs– Part-time jobs– Discrimination (glass ceiling)–Welfare dependency– Live longer
Ethnicity• Some ethnic minority groups are more
likely to live in poverty than others.• Who?– Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean
• Why?– Culture (women in the home)– Education (Pakistani & Bangladeshi have lower
qualifications than White, Indian and Chinese groups = lower paid jobs)
– Discrimination
Age• The young and the old are vulnerable to poverty.• Children
– child poverty has increased.– Vulnerable: lone-parent families, unemployed
families & larger families.– Poverty continues into adulthood.
• Elderly– Female older people more at risk of poverty– As people get older they are less likely to claim
benefits.– Impact of pensions
Geography
• North- South Divide– Poverty worst in North of England,
Scotland and Wales than it is in the South East of England.
• Links to areas of high unemployment (economic blackspots).
• Poverty & Wealth side by side,
Causes of Wealth Inequalities Tasks
• Take notes on each of the causes of wealth inequality.
• Make sure you put your notes under clear headings – this will help with future revision.
• Ensure that you include some facts and figures on the extent to which it is a cause of wealth inequalities and not just why it is a cause.
Library Research• You will have gathered notes on the main
causes of wealth inequalities in the UK.• Today, your task is to update your notes
with new statistics and research e.g. current unemployment rates or national minimum wage/living wage rates etc.
• Remember to put your note s under clear headings e.g. Unemployment or Geography.
Update your evidence
• Government Policies– http://www.poverty.ac.uk/tags/governm
ent-policy– http://www.poverty.ac.uk/tags/governm
ent-cuts
• Unemployment– http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-296
27831– Parliament Website - Youth Unemploym
ent
Update your evidence
• Low Pay– http://rt.com/uk/204483-low-pay-poverty
-trap/– http://www.poverty.org.uk/51/index.sht
ml– http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-2
9771470
• Social Exclusion– Social Exclusion– http://www.poverty.ac.uk/editorial/childh
ood-deprivation-linked-adult-social-exclusion
Update your evidence
• Gender– http://www.poverty.org.uk/07/index.shtml– http://www.theguardian.com/money/2003/sep/17/wome
nandmoney.socialexclusion– http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/2013/11/equal-pay/– Telegraph article
• Race– http://www.irr.org.uk/research/statistics/poverty/– http://www.poverty.org.uk/06/index.shtml
Update your evidence
• Age– http://www.ageuk.org.uk/money-matters/income-and-
tax/living-on-a-low-income-in-later-life/?tpbr=en-GB-SC– http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jan/23/
growing-numbers-pensioners-fuel-poverty– http://www.poverty.org.uk/64/index.shtml– http://www.cpag.org.uk/child-poverty-facts-and-figures
• Geography– http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27694833– Parliament Document - download link– http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20768002
Causes of Wealth Inequalities Tasks
Extension Task•Read the section ‘Reasons’ on pg 19-21 and complete the questions in the coloured boxes.•Read the ‘Employment and unemployment’ section on pg 21-24 and complete the questions in the coloured boxes.
Consequences of Wealth Inequalities
• Poor housing• Homelessness• Poor standard of living• Difficulties getting a job• Mental & physical ill-health• Inequalities in education• Social exclusion
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Consequences of Wealth Inequalities Tasks
• Read pg 20-21 of the Social Issues in the UK textbook.
1.Describe what it is like living in poverty in Scotland.
2.What are the effects of poverty on children?
• Read pg 123 of the Modern Studies Guidance Notes.
3.Describe, in detail, what social exclusion is and how it impacts on people’s lives.
Responses to Wealth Inequalities
• Who tries to tackle poverty in the UK?– Central govt– Scottish govt– Local govt
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Government Responses
• The government tries to tackle wealth inequalities in two main ways:a) Increase levels of employment and
employabilityb) Help the income levels of those not in
work (benefits)
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Government Benefits
• Two types of benefits:
• Universal = entitled to irrespective of income/wealth.
• Means-tested = must meet certain criteria & are targeted at unemployed/low income individuals e.g. Job Seekers Allowance.
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Responses to tackle Wealth Inequalities
National Govt Scottish Govt Local Authority
•Tax credits (USI/handout)•National Minimum Wage (UCI)•The New Deal (UCI)•Modern Apprenticeships (UCI)•Jobcentre Plus (UCI)•JSA (UCI)•Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) (Handout)•Winter fuel payment (UCI)•Pension Credit (UCI)•Sure start (Handout)
•Get Ready for Work (Handout)•Skillseekers (Handout)•Achieving Our Potential (Handout)• More Choices More Chances (Handout)
•Housing Benefit (Handout)•Council Tax Benefit (Handout)
Update – Nov 2013• National Minimum Wage
• Living Wage– UK: £7.65– London: £8.80
Year 21 and over 18-20 Under 18 Apprentice
2013 £6.31 £5.03 £3.72 £2.68
2012 £6.19 £4.98 £3.68 £2.65
2011 £6.08 £4.98 £3.68 £2.65
2010 £5.93 £4.92 £3.64 National Minimum Wage was introduced in 2010 -
£2.50
Responses to Wealth Inequalities Tasks
• Complete a bank of notes on the different responses to wealth inequalities. Try to include:a) Description of the response i.e. What is it? How does
it help reduce wealth inequalities?b) Evaluation of its effectiveness i.e. Has it been
successful? What evidence is there to show it has helped reduce wealth inequalities?
• Using the ‘Responses to tackle Wealth Inequalities’ table, write notes on each of the responses to wealth inequalities.– USI (UK Social Issues handout)– Handout
Govt Responses – The Welfare Revolution
• Recession has placed a threat to reducing poverty.
• The new Conservative/Lib Dem govt elected in 2010 had to cut the welfare budget by £18b by 2015.
• The emphasis has been to get people back to work.
• Govt at all levels must ensure that they provide a support network for those vulnerable to poverty.
Govt Responses – The Welfare Revolution
• The current govt is trying to reform the welfare system.
• Iain Duncan Smith (Secretary for DWP) wishes to:– Simplify & integrate benefits to create one
universal credit.– Those returning to work will have their benefits
withdrawn slower to convince them they were better off.
– Create jobs to ensure the l/term unemployed have opportunities.
Govt Responses – The Welfare Revolution
• The current govt’s response has been heavily criticised:– There are not enough jobs to get people back
to work– Some initiatives have hit the poorest families
rather than the middle/upper classes.• Increase in VAT• End of EMA in England• Changes to Child Benefit• Cuts to housing support• Cuts to Social Fund
Effectiveness of Government responses to Wealth
Inequalities• In your last two tasks you should
have evaluating some of the government responses to dealing with wealth inequalities.
• Generally speaking, has the Govt’s responses helped to reduce wealth inequalities?
Effectiveness of Government responses to Wealth Inequalities Tasks
• Read pg 34-35 of the ‘Social Issues’ textbook; pg 153-4 of the ‘Higher Modern Studies Revision Notes’ and the ‘effectiveness of Govt responses’ handout.
• Take notes to evaluate whether the govt’s responses have helped to reduce the wealth inequalities gap.
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