index [] index sr, isotopic mixing, water, 430d sr–nd, isotopic mixture, sediment, 428d sr, rb,...
Post on 01-Apr-2019
227 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Index
This index was prepared to enable readers to retrieve information concerning the application of isotopic datapertaining to geological and archeological problems at specific locations. In this way, the Index complementsthe detailed Table of Contents in which the subject matter is divided on the basis of isotope systematics. Thekey words were taken from the diagrams (d) and the tables (t).
A
Abitibi belt, Ontario and QuebecPontiac Sandstone, U–Pb concordia, 235d
Abundances of the elements (solar system), 11t,12d
AchondritesMoama, Sm–Nd isochron, 208dδ15N, whole rock and minerals, ureilites, 817t
Sm–Nd dates, initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios, 209tAdularia
Rb–Sr dating, basement rocks, Ohio, 99dAerosol particles
Pb, isotope composition, Foshan, China,467d
Pb, isotope composition, Los Angeles, Califor-nia, 468d
Alberta, Canadaoilfield brines, δD and δ18O, 722d
Algae, thermophilicC, isotope composition, function of dissolved
inorganic C, 757dH, fractionation factor, temperature dependence,
760dAllanite
Ba, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 341t
La, concentration, Amisoq gneiss, 341tAllende, carbonaceous chondrite
26Al/27Al ratios, A and B-type inclusions, 659t26Al–26Mg date, B1 inclusion, 658dδ18O-δ17O, inclusions, FUN anomalies, 741d
Alpha-decay, 24dAlpha-particle, range, in biotite, 578dAluminum-26
26Al, decay to 26Mg, solar nebula, 658d26Al–26Mg date, anorthite, B1 inclusion,
Allende, 658dmanganese nodule, Techno-1, South Pacific
Ocean, 632dproduction rate, in quartz, 635t
Amazon River, BrazilNd and Sr, model dates, sediment, Amazon and
tributaries, 431tPb–Pb, isotopic mixing, sediment, 431dRa concentration, water, 531t228Ra and 226Ra activity, estuary, water, 514d228Ra/226Ra activity ratio, estuary, water,
514dRb and Sr, isotope ratios and concentrations,
sediment, 428tSr, isotopic disequilibrium, water and sediment,
427d
875
876 Index
Sr, isotopic mixing, water, 430dSr–Nd, isotopic mixture, sediment, 428dSr, Rb, Nd, Sm isotope ratios sediment, Amazon
and tributaries, 430tU–Pb, mixing, sediment, 430dU–Pb, mixing, water, 429d
Amitsoq gneiss, West GreenlandBa, concentration, gneiss and minerals, 341tBa–La isochron, 342dLu–Hf isochron, 292dRb–Sr isochron, 94d
Anatolia (Turkey)Marble, provenance, δ18O and δ13C, 781d
Andes Mountains, South AmericaSr–Nd, isotopic mixing, ignimbrites, 388dSr–Pb, isotopic mixing, ignimbrites, 388d
AnorthiteBa inclusion, Allende, 26Al–26Mg date, 658d
AntarcticaAllan Hills, meteorites, terrestrial residence
dates, 645dLa Gorce Formation, Rb–Sr isochron, 95dPole of inaccessibility, 210Pb, deposition rate,
526dTuatara, Mt., Rb–Sr isochron, feldspar, till,
101dVostok, δ18O, ice core, 703d
Apatiteannealing, fission tracks, 590ddiffusion, He, Durango, Mexico, 550dO, isotope fractionation, temperature depen-
dence, 731dU–Th/He date, Mt. Whitney, California, 553dU–Th/He dating, Otway Basin, South Australia,
553dApollo 12 landing site, Moon
basalt samples, Ocean of Storms, 89dolivine basalt, Rb–Sr isochron, 88d
Apollo 14 landing site, MoonU–Pb concordia, Tera–Wasserburg, basalt,
239dApollo 17 landing site, Moon
40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release pattern, basalt, 155dAr–Ar isochron, orange glass, 156dSm–Nd isochron, basalt, 210d
AragoniteC, isotope fractionation, aragonite–HCO3
−, 764t
Arctic Oceancurrents, entering and leaving, 684dFram basin, 684dMakarov basin, 684dSi, concentration, seawater, Fram basin, 685t
Argondistribution, radiogenic 40Ar, mineral grains,
148dexcess 40Ar, Kola Peninsula, Russia, 142drelease pattern 40∗Ar/39Ar, minerals, 149d
Arkansas, USAdiamonds, δ13C and δ15N, 815d
Arrhenius plotdiffusion, Ar, hornblende, 169ddiffusion, He, apatite, 550d
Atlantic Oceanmap, North Atlantic, 366dMn nodules, epsilon Ce, 333dPb, concentration, seawater, decrease with time,
468d210Pb, seawater, 524d228Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra/226Ra activity,
seawater, 516d90Sr, profile, 1961, 675d
Augitediffusion, He, 552t
AustraliaBerridale and Kosciusko batholiths, Sr-Nd iso-
tope mixtures, granitic rocks, 404dBroken Hill, N.S.W., K–Ar and 40∗Ar/39Ar
dates, minerals, 167ddiamonds, δ13C and δ15N, Western Australia,
815dHamersley Group, Dales Gorge, δ13C, ankerite,
Precambrian, 770dMt. Narryer, Hf isotope ratios, zircon, 293dMurray River, N.S.W., sediment, chemical com-
position, 420t,dAutomobile exhaust
Pb, concentration, seawater, Atlantic Ocean,468d
Pb, isotope composition, Pearl River delta,China, 467d
Azore Islands, Atlantic Ocean87Sr/86Sr longitudinal profile, basalt, 367d
Index 877
B
BacteriaC, isotopic composition, function of dissolved
inorganic C, 757dH, fractionation factor, temperature dependence,
760dBaltic Sea
map, 454dMn nodules, epsilon Ce, 33dNd, isotopic mixing, seawater-river water,
445tNd and Sm, concentration, depth dependence,
454dOs, isotope composition, Mn nodules, 473dS, concentration, isotope composition, sediment,
Bay of Kiel, 828dSr, isotopic mixing, seawater-river water,
455dSr–Nd, isotopic mixing, seawater,
455dBarbados Island
230Th dating, coral terraces, 508dBarents Sea
Mn nodules, epsilon Ce, 333dBarite
40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release date, Fig Tree Grp,Barberton Greenstone belt, South Africa,164d
Bariumconcentration, rocks, 341tisotope composition, rock standards, 343t
Belt Series, MontanaRb–Sr date, glauconite, 110rRb–Sr isochron, glauconite, 98d
BentoniteHell Creek, Montana, Z coal, Rb–Sr isochron,
102dBerridale and Kosciusko batholiths, southeastern
AustraliaSr–Nd, isotope mixture, granitic rocks, 404d
Beryllium-10activity, variation with depth, sediment core,
Pacific Ocean, 629dCaribbean Sea, sediment core, 632dexposure age, weathering rate, quartz, 638dgrowth, exposure time, in quartz, 637d
ice core, Dye 3, Greenland, 633dmanganese nodule, Techno-1, South Pacific
Ocean, 632dproduction rates in quartz, 635t
Biotitebentonite, Hell Creek, Montana, Rb–Sr isochron,
102dIdaho batholith, metamorphic veil, K–Ar dates,
133dzero K–Ar date, geothermal gradient, continental
crust, 134dBeta (negatron) decay, 16dBeta particle (negatron), energy spectrum, 40K,
16dBlack Forest, Germany
U–Th/He date, hematite, 555dBones, human
90Sr, New York City, 1954–1982, 677dBoron
isotope composition, 854tisotope composition, chondrules, 859disotope geochemistry, 857d
Brassfield Formation, Ohio and IndianaRb–Sr isochron, glauconite, 97d
Brachiopods and mollusksδ18O, marine, Cambrian to Recent, 728d
BrazilAmazon River, 429dParana, map, 392d
British Columbia, CanadaFraser River, 423d
Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release dates, hornblende and
plagioclase, 167d, 168dK–Ar dates, minerals, 167d
Bulawayan Group (limestone), Zimbabweδ13C, 3.3–2.9 Ga, 770d
Bushveld Complex, South AfricaLa–Ce isochron, 328d
C
Calciumabundances of stable isotopes, 10dconcentrations, rocks, 76tgrowth of radiogenic 40Ca, 182d
878 Index
Calcium (continued )isotope fractionation, food chain, 188dK–Ca isochron, Pikes Peak granite, Colorado,
182dradiogenic 40Ca, crustal rocks, 185d
CalciteC, isotope fractionation, calcite–HCO3
−, 764tδ13C, marine, Cambrian–Recent, 765disotope fractionation, O, calcite–water, tempera-
ture dependence, 706d, 731dCalcite–graphite
C, isotope fractionation, temperature depen-dence, 779d
California, USADeath Valley, excursion, δ13C, Neoprotero-
zoic–Early Cambrian, 768dLassen Volcanic Park, snow, Pb isotope compo-
sition, 468dMarble Mountains, 40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release
dates, 150dMt. Whitney, U–Th/He dating, apatite, 553dSierra Nevada, Sr–Nd isotopic mixture, granitic
rocks, 404dSr, isotope composition, igneous rocks, 403dThe Geysers, He, isotope ratios, 569d
CanadaMackenzie Mountains, δ13C excursion, Neopro-
terozoic–Early Cambrian, 768doilfield brines, δD and δ18O, Alberta, 722dOttawa, record of tritium fallout, 556drivers, Sr concentration, isotope composition,
414tSuperior structural province, Pb–Pb model dates,
269ttectonic provinces, 136d, 205dYellowknife, NW Territory, saline minewater, δD
and δ18O, 724dCarbon
δ13C, excursion, Death Valley, Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian, 768d
δ13C, excursion, Mackenzie Mountains, Neopro-terozoic–Early Cambrian, 768d
δ13C, excursion, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge,Germany, Frasnian–Famennian, 767d
δ13C, excursions, Sturtian and Varangian, Neo-proterozoic, 773d
δ13C, igneous rocks, 777d
δ13C, martian meteorites, 791dδ13C, organic matter and carbonates, 620tMoon, rocks and soil, concentration and isotope
composition, 789tCarbon-14
calibration, 14C and dendrochronology dates,619d
corrections, 14C dates, 618ddecay curves, 616d
Carbonatiteδ13C, calcite, dolomite, and ferriferous carbonate,
784d231Pa/285U and 230Th238U activity ratios, 537d
Caribbean Sea10Be, at ODP, 502B, 631d90Sr, profile, 1961 675d230Th/231Pa sedimentation rate, 518d
Carn Chuinneag intrusion, ScotlandRb–Sr isochron, 93d
Carbonaceous chondritesN, concentration and isotope composition, 826dδ15N, carbonates, 816tδ15N, diamond, 816tδ15N, graphite, 816tδ15N, organic matter, 816tδ15N, SiC, 816tδ15N and δ13C, components, organic matter, 817t
Catskill Delta, New Yorkthermochronology, fission-track dating, apatite,
573dCerium
chemical and physical properties, 323tchert, relative to CHUR, 335dconcentrations, terrestrial minerals and rocks,
323tepsilon Ce values (CHUR), terrestrial rocks,
332disotope ratios, interlaboratory references
standards, 331dinitial 138Ce/142Ce ratios, stony meteorites, 329tseawater-depth, Pacific Ocean, 337d
Cesium-137 (fission product)Arctic Ocean, water, depth profile, 685dfirn, Dye 3, 1950–1976, Greenland, 679dfood items, 1968, Chicago, Illinois, 679tloss, by leaching, soil, Russia, 680ttransfer coefficient, plant/soil, 680t, 681d
Index 879
Chart of the nuclides, 6t, 9d, 147dtransuranium elements, 669d
Chernobyl, Ukraine137Cs, sediment, Lake Sempach, Switzerland,
682dChert
biogenic silica, O, isotope fractionation, temper-ature dependence, 736d
Ce, isotope ratios, 335dδ18O, marine chert, 550–0 Ma, 738d, 739tδ18O, Precambrian, 3.8–0.5 Ga, 740dPb, concentration, radiolaria, 469tSi, isotope composition, biogenic silica, opal,
chalcedony, 864dChile–Peru trench, map, 385dChina
Foshan, Pearl River delta, Pb isotope composi-tion, eolian dust, and aerosol particles,466t
Chlorineisotope composition, 854tisotope geochemistry, 869d
Chlorine-26, thermonuclearDye 3, ice, Greenland, 640dmeteorites, terrestrial residence dates, Allan
Hills, Antarctica, 645dChondrites (all kinds)
initial 138Ce/142Ce ratios, 329tinitial 187Os/188Os ratios, 306tLL chondrites, Rb–Sr isochron, 84d21Ne-irradiation dates, 643dproduction rates, cosmogenic 3H, 21Ne, and 83Kr,
643tRe–Os isochron, chondrites, H group, 308dRe/Os ratio, chondrites, 298dRe–Os dates, 306tSm–Nd dates, initial 143Nd/144Nd, 209t
ChondrulesB, isotope composition, 859d
ChromiteOs isotope evolution, Finland, 304dOs isotope evolution, Zimbabwe, 304d
CHUR (chondritic uniform reservoir)Hf, isotope evolution, 288dmodel dates, Nd, 200d, 207dNd, isotope ratios, 198tOs, isotope composition, 309d
Clay mineralsδD and δ18O, kaolinite and montmorillonite, soil,
726dClay, marine sediment
Pb, concentration, marine sediment, 469tClaystone (see also Tonstein)
Rb–Sr isochron, Estonia, 104dClimate record
δ18O, benthic foraminifera, 70 to 0 ka, AtlanticOcean, 709d
δ18O, ice core, Vostok, East Antarctica, 703dδ18O, marine calcite, 750 to 0 ka, 698d
Closure temperature (Ar) in minerals, 170tHematite, 4He, depending on cooling rate,
555tretention of fission tracks by minerals, 590d
CoalN, concentration, 804tδ15N, coal, components, 810d
CO2 –CH4 geothermometerLarderello, Tuscany, Italy, steam jets, 775d
CO2 –HCO3−CaCO3
isotope fractionation factors, O, 706tColorado, USA
Idaho Springs Formation, Colorado, K–Ar dates,minerals, 116d
Snake River, Pb2+ sorption to Al–hydroxysul-fate, 464d
Steamboat Springs, He, isotope ratios, 569dColumbia River Basalt, Oregon and Washington
K–Ar dates, stratigraphy, 289tSr, isotope mixing, basalt, 391dSr–Nd, isotope mixing, basalt, 390dSr–Nd, isotope mixing, Late Tertiary basalt,
392dSr–Os, isotopic mixing, Late Tertiary basalt,
392dConcordia, U–Pb, Tera–Wasserburg, 237d,tConcordia, U–Pb, Wetherill, 224d, 225dConodonts, Silurian, Sweden
δ18O carbonate, 734dδ18O, phosphate, 734d
Contact metamorphismeffect on K–Ar dates, minerals, Idaho Springs
Formation, Colorado, 116deffect on K–Ar dates, minerals Snowbank stock,
Minnesota, 117d
880 Index
Cooling curveCatskill delta, New York, 593dDamara orogen, Namibia, 595dHaliburton Highlands, Greenville tectonic
province, Ontario, 171dCosmic rays, 613tCosmogenic radionuclides, atmospheric
halflives and decay constants, 613tCosmogenic radionuclides, rocks
target elements and product radionuclides, 634t
D
Damara orogen, Namibiacooling curve, 595d
Death Valley, Californiaδ18C excursion, Neoproterozoic–Early Cam-
brian, 768dDecay curve, 36dDecay in three-component series, 41dDecay, long-lived parent to short-lived daughter,
42dDecay-scheme diagrams
alpha-decay, 23892U, 26d
alpha-decay, 22890Th, 26d
beta- (negatron) decay, 2411Na, 18d
beta- (negatron) decay, 2712Mg, 19d
branched decay, 4019K, 22d
positron decay 148O, 21d
Decay series238
92U → 20682Pb, 27d
23592U → 207
82Pb, 27d232
90Th → 20882Pb, 28d
Deep-sea sediment26Al, sediment core, South Pacific Ocean, 632dB, concentration, 856d10Be, specific activity, Pacific Ocean, 639dCl, concentration, 856tLi, concentration, 856dδ15N, sediment and NH4, 814tδ18O values, 711tHf, concentration and isotope composition, 482tPb, concentration, 242t, 269tS, concentration, isotope composition, Bay or
Kiel, Baltic Sea, 828dTh, concentration, 242t
230Th/231Pa activity ratio, sediment, CaribbeanSea, 518d
230Th/232Th ratios versus depth, 501dU concentration, 242t
Dendrochronologycomparison to 14C dates, 619d
Denmarktritium profile, soil, 557d
DiamondC, diamond-graphite, isotope fractionation,
792dδ15N and δ13C, isotopic mixture, 815d
DiatomsSi, isotope fractionation factors, 865t
DiffusionAr, hornblende, 169dHe, apatite, Durango, Mexico, 550d4He, minerals, 40Ar retentive, 552tPb, minerals, 228d
Drake Passage, Atlantic–Pacific OceansNd, isotope composition and concentration, sea-
water, 457dDucktown, Tennessee
Pb2+, sorption, Davis Mill creek, 464dDuluth Gabbro, Minnesota
effect on Rb–Sr dates, Snowbank stock, 117dDurango, Mexico
diffusion, apatite, 550dDye, 3, Greenland
10Be, cosmogenic, ice, 633d36Cl, thermonuclear, ice, 640d137Cs, thermonuclear, firn, 1950 to 1976, 679d
E
EarthCa, isotope composition, 189d
East Bull Lake intrusive, OntarioSr, isotope mixing, groundwater, 418dRb–Sr isochron, altered and unaltered rocks,
417dSr, isotope composition, groundwater, secondary
minerals, bedrock, 417dElectron-Spin Resonance Dating
ESR spectrum of electron traps, 605dEnergy profile, isobaric, A = 38, 23d
Index 881
Eolian dust and aerosol particlesPb, isotope composition, Foshan, Pearl River
delta, China, 466t, 467dEpidote
La, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 341tBa, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 341t
Estoniaclaystone, Rb–Sr isochron, 104d
Excursions, δ13C, marine carbonate, 773dδ13C calcite, Frasnian–Famennian, Behringhau-
ser Tunnel, Germany, 767dδ18O, apatite, conodonts and fish teeth, Fras-
nian–Famennian, Behringhauser Tunnel, Ger-many, 767d
Death Valley, California, δ13C, Neoprotero-zoic–Early Cambrian, 768d
Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territory,Canada, δ13C, Neoproterozoic-Cambrian,768d
Sturtian, Neoproterozoic, δ13C, 773dVarangian, Neoproterozoic, δ13C, 773d
F
Feldspar, authigenic (see Adularia)Rb–Sr isochron, basement rocks, Ohio, 99d
Feldspar, K-richPb concentrations, 268tTh concentrations, 268tU concentrations, 268tzero K–Ar date, geothermal gradient, continental
crust, 134dFeldspar (K-rich), detrital
Pb, marine sediment, 268tTh, marine sediment, 268tU, marine sediment, 268t
Fiji Islands, Pacific Ocean90Sr, corals, 1957–1979, 676d
FinlandOs isotope evolution, chromite, 304d
Fission-product radionuclideshalflives, 668t
Fission-track datingannealing, fission tracks, apatite and sphene,
590detching procedure, mineral surfaces, 581t
fission-track retention by minerals, 590dplateau-dating procedure, 592d
Fluid inclusions, CO2
δ13C, granite pegmatite, 776dδ13C, MORBs, 776d
Food Webδ15N, Usujiri, Japan, 809d
Foraminiferaδ18O, benthic, Atlantic Ocean, 70–0 ka, 709d
Forest Vale, chondrite182Hf–182W date, 661d
Foshan, Pearl River delta, Chinaeolian dust and aerosols, sorption, metals, 466d
Fractionation, isotopicO, biogenic silica-water, 736tC, carbonate ions–CO2, 764tC, diamond-graphite, isotope fractionation, 782dC, isotope fractionation, aragonite–HCO3
−, 764tC, isotope fractionation, calcite–HCO3
−, 764tC, isotope fractionation, siderite–HCO3
−, 764tCa, food chain, 188dcalcite–water, O, temperature dependence, 706dcalcite–water, Ca–phosphate–water, geother-
mometers, 731dCO2 –HCO3 –CaCO3, O, 706tδ18O–δ17O, terrestrial fractionation, 741dO, gibbsite–water, 736tO, goethite–water, 736tO and H, meteoric water, 700dO, mineral–mineral, 713tO, mineral–water, temperature dependence, 712dSO2 outgassing, lava flow, 840dS, H2Saq –S2−, 843dS, HS− –S2−, 843dS, SO4
2− –S2−, 843dS, isotope fractionation, coexisting sulfide min-
erals, 842tS, pyrite–galena, 841dS, pyrite–sphalerite, 841dS, sphalerite–galena, 841d
Fractionation, mass independentozone, isotope composition, 846d
Fraser River, British Columbiamap, 423dNd–Sr, mixing, sediment, 425dSr, isotope composition, water and sediment,
424d
882 Index
Fraser River, British Columbia (continued )Sr, isotopic mixing, tributaries, water and sedi-
ment, 425dFrasnian–Famennian event
excursions, δ18O and δ13C, 767d
G
Ganges-Brahmaputra Rivers, India226Ra, water, estuary, 515d228Ra, water, estuary, 525d
GasolinePb, isotope composition, 468t
Geco Mine, Manitouwadge, OntarioAr–Ar isochron, pyrite, 165dGeiger–Muller radiation detector
design, 37dvoltage-response profile, 38d
GeochemistryCa, concentrations, rocks, 76tHf, concentrations, 285tK, concentrations, rocks, 76tLu, concentrations, 285tLu/Hf ratios, meteorites and terrestrial rocks,
286dNd, concentrations, rocks, 195tOs, meteorites and minerals, 199tOs, minerals, 300tPb, concentrations, rocks, 215tPb, deep-sea sediment, 242tPb, limestone, calcite, 246tPb, seawater, 242tRb, concentrations, rocks, 76tRe, meteorites and minerals, 299tRe, minerals, 300tRe/Os ratio, rocks, 300tSm, concentrations, rocks, 195tSm/Nd ratios, igneous rocks, 196dSr, concentration, rocks, 76tTh, concentrations rocks, 215tTh, deep-sea sediment, 242tTh, seawater, 242tU, concentrations, rocks, 215tU, deep-sediment, 242tU, limestone, calcite, 246tU, seawater, 242t
Geochronometrygrowth of stable radiogenic daughter, 56disochron diagram, 57dmean sum of weighted deviations (MSW),
63dGeomagnetic polarity reversals, frequency, 124dGeomagnetic polarity timescale, 124t
Olby–Laschamp event, 230Th–238U isochrondate, 534d
Geothermal gradientzero age of minerals, K–Ar, 124d
GeothermometerC, calcite–graphite, 779dC, diamond–graphite, 782dCO2 –CH4, volcanic gas, based on C isotope
fractionation, 775dO, calcite–silica, 737dO, calcite–gibbsite, 737dO, calcite–goethite, 737dO, isotope fractionation, calcite–water, phos-
phate–water, 731dGermany
Black Forest, U–Th/He date, hematite, 555dRheinisches Schiefergebirge, excursions δ18O
(apatite), δ13C (calcite), 767dGibbsite
O, isotope fractionation factor, temperaturedependence, 736d
Glauconite40∗Ar/39Ar partial release pattern after in vacuo
irradiation, 161dBelt Series, Montana, Rb–Sr isochron, 98dBrassfield Formation, Ohio and Indiana, 97deffect of leaching on Rb/Sr ratios, 98dLlano uplift, Texas, Rb–Sr isochron, 98d
GoethiteO, isotope fractionation, temperature depen-
dence, 736dGold
Re–Os dates, Witwatersrand, South Africa, 315dGranite, lunar, isotopic dates, 183dGranite Mountains, Wyoming
Th–Pb, U–Pb, and Pb–Pb isochrons, 241dGranitic rocks
δ15N, S-type granite, 814tRb/Sr ratio versus chemical composition, 416dSr–Nd, isotope mixture, 401d
Index 883
Sr–Nd, isotopic mixture, Sierra Nevada, Califor-nia, 404d
GraphiteC, graphite–diamond, isotope fractionation,
783dGreece
marble, provenance, δ18O and δ13C, 781dGreenland
Amitsoq gneiss, Ba–La isochron, 342dAmitsoq gneiss, Lu–Hf isochron, 292dAmitsoq gneiss, Rb–Sr isochron, 94dDye 3, 10Be, ice core, 633dDye 3, 36Cl, thermonuclear, ice, 640dDye 3, 137Cs, thermonuclear, 1950–1976, 679d
GroundwaterδD and δ18O, mixing, rain and deep groundwater,
721dδ18O shift, geothermal water, 719dpiston flow, 558dSr, isotope mixing, East Bull Lake intrusive,
Ontario, 417d, 418d
H
Hafniumchemical and physical properties, 285tconcentration, meteorites, 660tisotope composition, DMM and EM1, 379tisotope composition, detrital zircon, Mt. Narryer,
W. Australia, 293disotope composition, 287fmagma formation in CHUR, 288dNd–Hf, terrigeneous array, 481d
Halflife determination, 2411Na, 36d
Halflivesradionuclides, long-lived, naturally occurring,
55tHaliburton Highlands, Ontario
cooling curve, 171dHamersley Group, Dales Gorge (ankerite), Aus-
traliaδ13C, 2.2–2.0 Ga, 770d
Harnas, SwedenRe–Os isochron, sulfide minerals, 204d
Hawaii, USAK–Ar dates, basalt, 123d
Kilauea, He, isotope ratios, 569dKilauea, S, isotope composition, volcanic rocks,
837d.map, Hawaiian Islands, 122dOahu, Sr–Nd isotope mixing, basalt, 376dSr–Os, isotope mixing, Hawaiian Islands,
380dHawaiian-Emperor chain
K–Ar dates, basalt, Hawaiian Islands, 123dHelium
closure temperature, hematite, 555dcrustal volcanics and xenoliths, isotope ratios,
566ddiffusion, apatite, Durango, Mexico, 55ddiffusion, minerals, 552t3He, production rates, chondrites, 643tHe–Sr, isotopic mixing, OIBs, 565dhotsprings, isotope ratios, USA and New Zealand,
569disotope composition, aquifer age, 1600–0 Ma,
568tisotope composition, continental crust, 1600–0
Ma, 568dMurchison, carbonaceous chondrite, concentra-
tion and isotope composition, 563dstony meteorites, concentration and 3He/4He
ratio, 561dvolcanic rocks, oceanic islands, isotope ratios,
564dHell Creek, Montana
Rb–Sr date, Z coal, K–T boundary, 102dHematite
closure temperature, 4He, 555tU–Th/He date, Black Forest, Germany, 555d
Holmes–Houtermans model, 262d, 263tHomo erectus
chronology, 528tPerning, Java, 40∗Ar/39Ar spectrum of dates,
hornblende, 528Homo sapiens
Qufzeh, Israel, 230Th/238U dating, dentine, 530tHornblende
40∗Ar/39Ar date, Perning, Java, Homo erectus,528d
diffusion, He, 552tzero K–Ar date, geothermal gradient, continental
crust, 134d
884 Index
Hotspringsalgae and bacteria δ13C, Yellowstone National
Park, 757dδD and δ18O, water, 719dHe, isotope ratios, 569d
Hydrogendeuterium excess, meteoric water, 700disotope composition, 693tisotope fractionation factor, mineral–water,
725tisotope fractionation factor, temperature depen-
dence, 697d
I
Ice, glaciersVostok, Antarctica, ice core, δ18O, 703d
IcelandPb–Pb mixing, basalt, 373dSr, isotope composition, basalt, 369dSr–Nd, isotope composition, volcanic rocks,
370dSr–Pb mixing, basalt, 373d
Idaho, USASnake River Plain, He, isotope ratios, 569dIdaho batholith, metamorphic veil, K–Ar dates,
biotite, 133dIdaho Springs Formation, Colorado
K–Ar dates, minerals, contact metamorphism,116d
Igneous rocksB, concentrations, 856d,tδ13C, carbonates, 777dδ13C, CH4, carbides, and graphite, 777dCl, concentration, 856tLi, concentration, 856t
Illinois, USAoilfield brines, δD and δ18O, 722d
Illite (clay mineral)Alps, effect of metamorphism on K–Ar dates,
131dAlps, Late Jurassic, K–Ar isochron, 131dcrystallinity index, 131dK–Ar dating, size fractions, 127d
IlmeniteRe and Os, concentrations, 471t
Indian Oceanδ15N, seawater, profile, 907dPb–Pb isotopic mixing, Mn nodules, 470d90Sr, corals, islands, 676d
Indiana, USAglauconite, Brassfield Fm., Rb–Sr isochron, 98d
Ironisotope composition, 854t
Iron meteoritesδ13C , graphite, cliftonite, cohenite, taenite,
788dGibeon, iron meteorite, 107Pd–107Ag decay,
655dinitial 187Os/188Os ratios, 306dN, concentration, 804tRe–Os dates, 306tRe/Os ratio, iron meteorites, 298dseparation dates, 107Pd–107Ag, 657dδ30Si, iron meteorites, 867t
IsochronAr–Ar, orange glass, Taurus-Littrow valley,
Moon, 156dAr–Ar, plagioclase, Portage Lake Volcanics,
Michigan, 154dAr–Ar, pyrite, Geco Mine, Manitouwadge,
Ontario, 165dBa–La, Amitsoq gneiss, 342dK–Ar, ignimbrite, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania,
121dK–Ca, granite, Moon, 183dK–Ca, granite, Pikes Peak, Colorado, 182dLa–Ce, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, 328dLa–Ce, Lewisian Gneiss, Scotland, 329dparent–daughter relation, 57dPb–Pb, Granite Mountains, Wyoming, 241dPb–Pb, Mushandike granite and limestone, 244dPb–Pb, Stacey–Kramers model, 267tPb–Pb, Transvaal dolomite, South Africa, 245dRb–Sr, fictitious, 360dRb–Sr isochron, 81dRb–Sr, komatiite, Onverwacht Group, South
Africa, 204dRe–Os, chondrites, 308dRe–Os, ore samples, Noril’sk, Russia, 311dRe–Os, pyrite, Witwatersrand, South Africa,
326dSm–Nd, basalt, Taurus-Littrow, Moon, 210d
Index 885
Sm–Nd, komatiite, Onverwacht Group, SouthAfrica, 203d
Sm–Nd, Moama, achondrite, 208dSm–Nd, Nakhla, martian meteorite, 208dSm–Nd, Zagami, martian meteorite, 208dSr isotope evolution, rocks, and minerals, by
metamorphism, 92dTh–Pb isochron, Granite Mountains, Wyoming,
241d230Th238 –U Olby–Laschamp geomagnetic polar-
ity event, 534d230Th–238U, volcanic rocks, 533dU–Pb, calcite, Winnats Head cave, UK,
249dU–Pb, Granite Mountains, Wyoming, 241d
Italymap, volcanic provinces, 395dSr, isotope mixing, alkali basalt, 397dSr–Nd, isotopic mixing, alkali basalt, 396d
J
JapanUsujiri, δ15N, food web, 809d
Java, IndonesiaPerning, Homo erectus, 40∗Ar/39Ar date, horn-
blende, 528d
K
K–Ar dating, minerals, 119dK–T boundary
Hell Creek, Z coal, Montana, Rb–Sr isochron,102d
Kerogenδ13C, Precambrian, 3.8–0.5 Ga, 759disotopic evolution, δ13C and H/C ratio, 758d
Kilauea, HawaiiHe, isotope composition, 569dS, concentration and isotope composition, vol-
canic rocks, 837dKola Peninsula, Russia
40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release spectrum, biotite, 152dKrypton
83Kr, production rate, chondrites, 643t
L
LaGorce Formation, Transantarctic MountainsRb–Sr isochron, contact metamorphism, 95d
Lake HuronCa–Sr mixing, North Channel, 357dSr, isotope ratio versus concentration, 357d
Lake Oneida, New YorkOs, isotope composition, water and Mn nodules,
472dLake Rockwell, Ohio
210Pb, sedimentation rate, 525dLake Sempach, Switzerland
137Cs, profile, sediment, 682dLangbeinite
diffusion, He, 552tLanthanum
branched decay,13857La, 326d
chemical and physical properties, 323tconcentrations, terrestrial minerals and rocks,
323t, 342thalflives, 327tLa/Ce ratio, igneous rocks, 325d
Lassen National Park, CaliforniaδD and δ18O, water, 719dPb isotope composition, snow, 468d
Laysan Island, Hawaiian RidgeK–Ar dates, 140
Leadanomalous ore Pb, interpretations, 270dautomobile exhaust, Pearl delta, China, 467ddeep-sea sediment, Pb concentration, 469teolian dust and aerosol, isotope composition,
467dHolmes–Houtermans model, 262d, 263tisochrons, Stacey–Kramers, isotope evolution,
ore Pb, 267tlimestone, calcite, 246tMn nodules, Pb concentration, 469tPb–Pb isochron, meteorites, 260d210Pb in soil, 523dprimeval Pb, troilite, meteorites, 260tradiogenic 207Pb/206Pb-date, 220trocks, concentration, 215tseawater, concentration, 242t, 467dsingle-stage ore Pb, 264dsorption to Fe(OH)3, pH dependence, 464d
886 Index
Lead (continued )thorogenic Pb, evolution model, 273dtwo-stage ore Pb, 266t, 267d
Leucite Hills, WyomingSr–Nd, isotopic mixture, orendites and
madupites, 398dSr–Rb concentrations, orendites and madupites,
398dLewisian Gneiss, Scotland
La–Ce isochron, 329dLiberia
40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release date, diabase, 151dLithium
concentration and isotope composition, igneousrocks, 861t
isotope composition, 854tLlano region, Texas
Rb–Sr date, glauconite, 98dLomagundi Group (dolomite), Zimbabwe
δ13C, 2.65–1.95 Ga, 770dLong Island Sound, New York
Os, concentration, isotopic composition, sedi-ment, 475d
Lucas Formation, OntarioPb–Pb isochron, limestone, 246d
Lunar meteoritesRb–Sr isochron, olivine basalt, Ocean of Storms,
Apollo 12, 88dRb–Sr isochron, whole rock samples, basalt,
Ocean of Storms, Apollo 12, 89dLutetium
branched decay, 27671Lu, 286d
chemical and physical properties, 285thalflife, 176
71Lu, 55tisotope composition, 287t
M
Magma-source componentsDMM, EM1, EM2 and HIMU, isotope composi-
tions, Sr, Nd, Pb, Hf, and Os, 364t,565t
He, isotope ratios, 565tNd–Sr, isotopic mixing, sediment, Amazon and
Zaire, 432dNd–Sr, Sr–Pb isotopic mixing, 365d
MagnetiteRe and Os, concentrations, 471t
Manganese nodules (lacustrine)Nd, concentration, 457tNd, isotope composition, 458dOs, isotope composition, Lake Oneida, New
York, 472dManganese nodules (marine)
10Be, variation with time, 65–0 ka, 631dCe, isotope compositions, 333ddeposition rate, 10Be and 26Al, Techno-1, South
Pacific Ocean, 632dHf, concentrations and isotopic compositions,
482tHf, isotope evolution, Cretaceous to present,
485dNd–Hf array, ferromanganese nodules, marine,
483d, 484dNd, concentration, 457t, 460dNd, isotope composition, 456d, 458dNd, isotope evolution, 458d, 459d, 460dNd and Sr, isotope evolution, Rio Grande Rise,
South Atlantic Ocean, 458dOs, concentration, isotope composition, Atlantic,
Pacific, Indian Ocean, 478dOs, isotopic composition, Baltic Sea, 473dPb, isotope evolution, 30–0 Ma, 485dPb–Pb isotopic mixing, Indian Ocean, 470dPb, concentration, Pacific Ocean, 469t
Manitoba, CanadaThompson, saline minewater, δD and δ18O, 724d
Manitouwadge, OntarioGeco Mine, 40∗Ar/39Ar date, pyrite, 165d
Marble, provenanceGreece and Antolia, δ18O and δ13C, 781d
Marble Mountains, California40∗Ar/39Ar partial release pattern, biotite and
microcline, 150dMariana Islands, Pacific Ocean
Sr isotope composition, basalt, 384dSr–Pb, isotope mixing, basalt, 384d
Martian meteoritesALH, 84001, δ15N, 819d, 819tδ30Si, martian meteorites, 867tEETA, 79001, δ13C, 791dRb–Sr isochrons, 87dSm–Nd dates, initial 143Nd/144Nd, 209t
Index 887
Mass spectrometer, design, 65dMass spectrum, Sr, 66dMedical effects, ionizing radiation, 45d, 45tMeguma Group, Nova Scotia
40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release dates, hornfels andslate, 162d
Metamorphismredistribution of radiogenic 87Sr in minerals, 91d
Meteorites (by name)Allende, B1 inclusion, 26Al-26Mg date,
658dAllende, δ18O–δ17O, inclusions, FUN anomalies,
741dCanyon Diablo, iron meteorite, Pb isotope ratios,
troilite, 160tForest Vale, Hf and W, concentration, 660tGibeon, iron meteorite, decay 107Pd to 107Ag,
655dMezo-Madaras, chondrite, Pb isotope ratios,
260tMoama, Sm–Nd date, 208dMurchison, carbonaceous chondrite, δ13C, 786tMurchison, He concentration and isotope com-
position, 562dNakhla, martian meteorite, chronology, 108r,
208dOrgueil, carbonaceous chondrite He, concentra-
tion and isotope composition, 861tPultusk, 3He/4He ratio, 561dRichardson, Hf and W concentration, 660tSt. Severin, Re-Os systematics, 308dSte. Marguerite, Hf and W, concentrations, 660tVigarano, carbonaceous chondrite, δ18O–δ17O,
inclusions, FUN anomalies, 741dZagami, martian meteorite, 208d
Meteorites (properties)Ca, isotope composition, 198dCe concentrations, 323tδ18O–δ17O, Fun anomalies, inclusions, Allende,
Vigarano, 741dδ18O–δ17O, carbonaceous chrondrites, 741dδ30Si and δ29Si, SiC grains, Orgueil and Murchi-
son, 868dδ30Si, stony meteorites, 867tHe, concentration, and 3He/4He, 561d3He, 21Ne, and 83Kr, cosmogenic, production
rates, 643t
Hf concentrations, 285tLa concentration, 323tLu concentrations, 285tN, concentration, chondrites, 804t21Ne, cosmic-ray irradiation dates, 643dPb–Pb isochron, 260dRe, Os, concentrations, 299tterrestrial residence ages, Allan Hills, Antarctica,
645dMexico
Durango, apatite, He diffusion, 550dMichigan, USA
oilfield brine, δD and δ18O, 722dMid-Atlantic Ridge
map, 366dSr–Nd isotopic mixing, basalt, 368d
Milankovitch cyclesBarbados, coral terraces, 508d
Mineral stabilityO fugacity and pH, 844dMinerals, suitable for K–Ar dating, 119t
Minnesota, USAMorton gneiss, concordia, 226dSnowbank stock, Minnesota, K–Ar dates, 117d
Mississippi Valley Pb–Zn depositsanomalous Pb, Bonneterre Formation (Early
Cambrian), 278dfilling temperatures, fluid inclusions, calcite,
248dPb isotope ratios, galena and chalcopyrite, Vibur-
num Trend, 276dMissouri, USA
Pb–Pb isochron, calcite, Oronogo, Tri-Statedistrict, 247d
Mixing theoryC, isotope mixing, magma-sediment, 780dLake Huron, North Channel, Ca–Sr, 357dRb–Sr, fictitious isochron, 360dSr–Nd, isotope ratios, 355ttwo components, chemical composition, 348dtwo components, isotopic, one element, 352d,
353dtwo components, isotopic, two elements, 354d,
355dthree components, chemical, 349d, 350dthree components, isotopic, two elements,
356d
888 Index
Moama, achondriteSm–Nd isochron, 208d
MolybdeniteRe and Os, concentrations, 471t
Montana, USABelt Series, Rb–Sr isochron, 98dIdaho batholith, metamorphic veil, K–Ar dates,
biotite, 133dMoon
40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release pattern, basalt, Taurus-Littrow, Apollo 17, 155d
C, concentration and isotope composition, rocks,Apollo 12, 789t
C, concentration and isotope composition rocks,Apollo 12, 789t
C, isotope mixture, lunar C and terrestrialcontaminant, 790d
Ca, isotope composition, 198dCe concentrations, 323tgranite, isotopic dates, 183dgranite, K–Ca isochron, 183dHf concentrations, 285tLa concentrations, 323tLu concentrations, 285tN, concentration, rocks and soil, 804tN, isotope composition, components, Apollo 17
rock, 818dO, δ18O–δ17O, terrestrial fractionation line, 741dorange glass, Taurus-Littrow, Ar–Ar isochron,
Apollo 17, 156dSi, isotope composition lunar rocks, 867tSm–Nd isochron, basalt Taurus-Littrow Valley,
210dU–Pb concordia (Tera–Wasserburg) basalt,
Apollo 14, 239d, 240dMorton gneiss, Minnesota
concordia, zircons, U–Pb, 226dzircons, weathered, U–Pb dates, 229d
Murchison, carbonaceous chondriteδ13C, carbonate minerals, 786tδ13C, diamond, 786tδ13C, graphite, 786tδ13C, kerogen, 786tδ13C, SiC, 786tHe, concentration and isotope ratio, 562d
Murray River, N.S.W., Australia
Rb, Sr concentrations, sediment, grainsize frac-tions, 421d
Rb–Sr, mixing, sediment, size fractions, 422dSr, concentration, sediment, size fractions versus
loss on ignition, 422dsediment, chemical composition, grainsize frac-
tions, 420d, 420tSr, isotope mixing, sediment, grainsize fractions,
421dMuscovite
diffusion, He, 552tMushandike granite, Zimbabwe
Pb–Pb isochron, 244dMushandike limestone
Pb–Pb isochron, 244d
N
Nakhla (martian meteorite)Sm–Nd isochron, 208dSr isotope evolution, 86d
NamibiaDamara orogen, cooling curve, 595d
Narryer, Mt., Western Australiazircon grains, Hf isotope ratios, interpretation,
293dNatural gas
δ13C (gas), dependence on vitrinite reflectance,kerogen, source rocks, 763d
δ15N, worldwide, 810tN, concentration, 804t
Neandertal humansTabun, Israel, 230Th/238U date, dentine, 530t
Neon21Ne-irradiation dates, chondrites, 643d21Ne, production rate, chondrites, 643t
Nephelinediffusion, He, 552t
NeodymiumCHUR, isotope ratios, 198tconcentration, pH dependence, river water, 4t,
52dconcentrations, rocks, 195disotope composition, 196tisotopic evolution, mantle and crust, 198dMn nodules, isotope composition, 456d, 458d
Index 889
model dates, based on CHUR, 200d, 207dmodel dates, tectonic provinces, Canada, 205dNd–Hf array, terrigenous rocks, 481d
NetherlandsScheldt estuary, δ15N, suspended organic matter,
808dNeutron activation
calibration by irradiated standards, 51d, 52ddecay of product nuclides, 50dgrowth of radioactive product, 49d
New Jersey, USAtritium, bomb-produced, Kirkwood–Cohansey
aquifer, 560dNew York, USA
Catskill delta, cooling curve, 593dLake Oneida, Os, isotope composition, 472dLong Island Sound, Os concentration, isotopic
composition, sediment, 474d, 475dNew York city, New York
90Sr, human bones, 1954–1982, 677dNew Zealand
He, isotope ratios, hotsprings, 569dTaranaki Basin, He, isotope ratios, 510d
NigeriaLiruei pluton, Rb–Sr isochron, 82d
Niland, CaliforniaδD and δ18O, water, 719d
Nitrogenfossil fuels, 804tmeteorites, 804trocks and minerals, terrestrial, 804t
Noril’sk, Siberia, RussiaRe–Os isochron, ore samples, 311d
Nova Scotia, CanadaMeguma Group, 40∗Ar/39Ar dates, 162d
Nuclear fission (induced)activation energy, Z = 82 to Z = 96, 29ddistribution, fission products, 30d
Nuclear fission (spontaneous)prevalence, even and odd Z, 30d
Nuclear reactions, 40Ar/39Ar dating, 146tNuclear reactions, target and products, 48tNuclear reactor
pressurized water reactor, 31dproduction, transuranium elements, 669d
Nuclear weapons, testingschedule, by countries, 672t
O
Oahu, HawaiiNd–Hf, isotope mixing, basalt, 378dNd–Sr, isotope mixing, basalt, 376dSr–Hf, isotope mixing, basalt, 378dSr–Pb, isotope mixing, basalt, 377d90Sr, corals, 1957–1979, 676d
Ohio, USAbasement rocks, Rb–Sr isochron, adularia, 99dglauconite, Brassfield Fm., Rb–Sr isochron, 97dLake Rockwell, 210Pb, sedimentation rate, 525d
Oilfield brinesδD and δ18O, linear trajectories, 722dlatitude effect, meteoric water component, 723d
Olby–Laschamp geomagnetic polarity event230Th–238U isochron date, 534d
Olduvai Gorge, TanzaniaK–Ar isochron, ignimbrite, 121d
Ontario, CanadaAbitibi belt, Pontiac Sandstone, U–Pb concordia,
zircon, 235dEast Bull Lake intrusive, Rb–Sr isochrons,
417dGeco Mine, Manitouwadge, Ar–Ar isochron,
pyrite, 165dHaliburton Highlands, cooling curve, 171dLucas Formation, Pb–Pb isochrons, 246dSudbury, saline minewater, δD and δ18O, 724d
Onverwacht Group, South AfricaRb–Sr isochron, komatiites, 204dSm–Nd isochron, komatiite, 203d
Ore depositsBohemia mining district, Oregon, δ18O values,
717dDucktown, Tennessee, sorption, Pb2+, 474dinitial 187Os/188Os ratios, 312tMississippi Valley Pb–Zn deposits, 247d, 276d,
278dMn ore, Pb concentration, 469tNoril’sk, Re–Os isochron, 311dorigin of sulfide ore, Os-isotope evidence, 313dWitwatersrand, South Africa, gold deposits,
315dOre Pb, single stage, 264d
anomalous Pb, interpretation, 270dthorogenic Pb, evolution, 273
890 Index
Oregon, USABohemia mining district, δ18O values, rocks,
717dColumbia River Basalt, 389t
Orgueil, carbonaceous chondriteLi, isotope composition and concentration,
861tOsmiridium
Re–Os dates, Witwatersrand, South Africa, 315dOsmium
chemical and physical properties, 298dconcentrations, minerals, 471tconcentrations, rivers, 471tconcentrations, rocks, 299t, 471tisotope composition, rivers, 471tgrowth, radiogenic 187Os, solar system, 307dinitial 187Os/188Os ratios, ore deposits, 313disotope composition, 301tisotope evolution, chromite, Finland and Zim-
babwe, 304tisotope evolution, CHUR and crust, 209disotope evolution, seawater, Cretaceous–Plio-
cene, 479dmanganese nodules, marine, 478dmanganese nodules, Lake Oneida, New York,
472dminerals and rocks, 471triver water, 471tsediment, Long Island Sound, 475d
Otway Basin, South AustraliaU–Th/He date, apatite, 533d
Ovruch Mountains, UkraineZbranki Formation, Rb–Sr isochron, 105d
OxygenCO2 –HCO3
− –CaCO3, isotope fractionation fac-tors, 706d
δ18O, excursion, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge,Germany, Frasnian–Famennian, 767d
isotope composition, mineral–mineral, rock–mineral pairs, 713t
isotope fractionation, albite–diopside, tempera-ture dependence, 712d
isotope fractionation, temperature dependence,silicate mineral pairs, 712t
isotope fractionation factor, temperature depen-dence, 697t
isotope composition, 693t
isotope profile, marine CaCO3, 750–0 ka, 708dmarine CaCO3, 800–0 ka, 708d
P
Pacific Ocean10Be, deep-sea sediment, core KH70-2-5,
629dmap, 375dMn nodules, epsilon Ce, 333d90Sr, corals, Oahu and Fiji, 1957–1979, 676d90Sr, profile, 1961, 675d
PalladiumPd–Ag separation dates, iron meteorites,
657d107Pd, decay to 107Ag, Gibeon meteorite,
755dParana Basalt, Brazil
map, 392dSr–Nd, isotopic mixing, basalt, 393d
PeruSr–Nd, isotope mixing, volcanic rocks, 386dSr–Pb, isotope mixing, volcanic rocks, 387d
Petroleumδ13C, dependence on molecular components,
763dN, concentration, 804t
Phosphorite (marine)δ18O, 1600–0 Ma, 733d
Pikes Peak, ColoradoK–Ca isochron date, 182d
PlantsCAM plants, 755dC3 plants, 755dC4 plants, 755dδ18O values, 755d
Platinum Group Elements (PGE), 297dOsmiridium, Re–Os dates, Witwatersrand, South
Africa, 315dPleochroic haloes
discoloration, biotite, alpha dose, 579dPole of Inaccessibility, East Antarctica
210Pb, deposition rate, 526dPontiac Sandstone, Abitibi belt, Ontario and Que-
becU–Pb concordia, detrital zircon, 235d,t
Index 891
Portage Lake Volcanics, Michigan40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release spectrum, plagioclase,
154dPotatoes
137Cs and 90Sr, Bryansk, Russia, 680tPotsdam Sandstone, New York
U–Pb concordia dates, detrital zircon, 234tPositron decay, 20dPotassium
halflife, 4019K, 55t
concentrations, rocks, 76tPotsdam Sandstone, New York
U–Pb dates, detrital zircon, 111Production rates, 10Be and 26Al, in quartz
polynomial coefficients, 635tvariation, geomagnetic latitude, 636d
Production rates, cosmogenic radionuclides, mete-orites
stable 3He, 21Ne, 83K, in chondrites, 643tProtactinium
231Pa–230Th concordia, 521d231Pa/235U and 230Th238U, andesites, 537d231Pa/235U and 230Th/238U, carbonatites, 537d213Pa/235U and 230Th238U, MORBs and OIBs,
536dPultusk (meteorite)
He, concentration and isotope ratio, 561dPyrite
Ar–Ar isochron, Geco Mine, Manitouwadge,Ontario, 165d
Re–Os isochron, pyrite, Witwatersrand, SouthAfrica, 316d
Q
Quartz10Be exposure age, weathering rate of quartz,
638dgrowth, 10Be, exposure time, 637dlatitudinal variation, production rates, 10Be and
26Al, 636dproduction rates, cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al,
635tQuebec, Canada
Abitibi belt, Pontiac Sandstone, U–Pb concordia,235d
R
Radionuclides, very long-lived, naturally occurringhalflives, 322t
RadiumGanges–Brahmaputra Rivers, India, 228Ra and
226Ra, water, 515d228Ra/226Ra dating, 512d228Ra and 226Ra, Amazon estuary, water,
514d228Ra/226Ra ratio, activity, water, Amazon River,
515t228Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra/226Ra, Atlantic Ocean, 526d226Ra and 228Ra, rivers, 513t228Ra/226Ra, activity ratio, seawater, 515t
Rainδ15N, ammonium, 806tδ15N, nitrate, 806tPb, isotope composition, Pearl River delta,
China, 467disotope fractionation, O and H, 700dtritium, rise and fall, Ottawa, Canada, 556
Red SeaSr isotope, mixing, silicate sediment, 358dSr isotope stratigraphy, volcanogenic sediment,
359dReykjanes Ridge, Iceland
Pb, isotope composition, basalt, 371d, 372dSr, isotope composition, basalt, 369d
Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germanyδ18O (condonts) and δ13C (marine calcite) excur-
sions, Frasnian–Famennian age, 767dRhenium
chemical and physical properties, 298tconcentrations, minerals, 471tconcentrations, rocks, 299t, 471thalflife 187
75Re, 55tisotope composition, 301t
Richardton, chondrite182Hf–182W date, 661t
Rivers, CanadaFraser River, British Columbia, 423dSr, concentrations, isotope ratios, 414tSr, isotope compositions, rivers versus age of
bedrock, 415dSr, isotope mixing, Precambrian and Paleozoic
bedrock, 415d
892 Index
Rivers, North AmericanNd, concentration, water, effect of pH, 452dOs, concentrations, 471tOs, isotope ratios, 471tRa concentration, 513tSnake River, Colorado, Pb2+ sorption, 464dSr and Nd, isotopic mixing, river water, 453d
River waterB, concentration, 856tCl, concentration, 856tLi, concentration, 856tδ30Si, silicic acid, in solution, rivers, worldwide,
866tRubidium
concentration, rocks, 76thalflife, 87
37Rb55tRurutu, Austral Islands, Polynesia
Pb–Pb, isotope mixing, basalt, 382tSr–Nd, isotope mixing, basalt, 381dSr–Pb, isotope mixing, basalt, 381d
RussiaBryansk region, 137Cs and 90Sr, thermonuclear,
soil, 680t137Cs and 90Sr, thermonuclear, potatoes, Bryansk
region, 680tKola Peninsula, 40∗Ar/39Ar partial- release dates,
biotite, 152dNoril’sk, Re–Os isochron, ore samples, 311dVostok Station, Antarctica, ice core, δ18O, 703d
S
Saline minewatersδD and δ18O, Precambrian shield, Canada, 724d
Salt domesδ34S, mineral components, 830t
Samariumconcentrations, rocks, 195thalflife, 55tisotope composition, 196t
Samoan Islands, Pacific OceanHe–Sr isotopic mixing, basalt, 565d
San Carlos, Arizonaδ15N, minerals, ultramafic xenoliths, 813d
Sanidine (feldspar)
bentonite, Hell Creek, Montana Rb–Sr isochron,102d
diffusion, He, 552tScheldt estuary, Netherlands
δ15N, suspended organic matter, 808dScotland
Carn Chuinneag, Rb–Sr isochron, 93dLewisian Gneiss, La–Ce isochron, 329dTorridonian sandstone, Rb–Sr dating, 105d
Seafloor spreading rateHawaiian Islands, 123dSouth Pacific, K–Ar dates, basalt, 125d
SeawaterArctic Ocean, 137Cs and 90Sr, 685dB, concentration, 856tCe, isotope ratio, versus depth, 337dCl, concentration, 856t137Cs and 90Sr, water masses, Arctic Ocean,
685tLi, concentration, 856tδ15N, depth profile, Indian Ocean, 807dNd, isotope composition, 456dNd, Drake passage, isotope composition and
concentration, 457dδ18O, sulfate, marine, Neoproterozoic to Recent,
834dOs, isotope evolution, Cretaceous–Pliocene, sea-
water, 479dPb concentration, 242tPb, concentration, Atlantic Ocean, 468d210Pb, Atlantic Ocean, 524dδ34S, sulfate, marine, Neoproterozoic–Recent,
834dSi, concentration, Arctic Ocean, 685tSr, isotope composition, 437tSr, isotope composition, marine Ca carbonate,
437tSr, isotope evolution, Precambrian, 451dSr, isotope evolution, Neoproterozoic, 449dSr, isotope evolution, Cambrian, 447dSr, isotope evolution, Phanerozoic, 440dSr, isotope evolution, Cenozoic, 445dSr, isotope evolution, Neogene, 446dSr, three-component, isotopic mixing model,
442d, 443dTh concentration, 242tU concentration, 242t
Index 893
Sedimentary rocksB, concentration, 856tCl, concentration, 850tLi, concentration, 856t
Sedimentation rateNorth Pacific Ocean, K–Ar dates of minerals,
129d210Pb, Lake Rockwell, Ohio, 525d230Th methods and patterns, 501d230Th/231Pa method, Caribbean Sea, 518d
Seleniumisotope composition, 854t
Siberia, RussiaNoril’sk, Re-Os isochron ore samples, 311d
SideriteC, isotope fractionation, siderite–HCO3
−, 764tSierra Nevada, California
Sr–Nd, isotopic mixture, granitic rocks, 404dSilicon
isotope composition, 854tisotope composition, biogenic silica, 864disotope composition, clay minerals, 864disotope composition, igneous rocks, 864disotope composition, opal and chalcedony, 864disotopic reference standards, 864tseawater, Arctic Ocean, 685tδ30Si and δ29Si, Orgueil and Murchison, 868d
Snake River, ColoradoPb2+, deposition with Al–hydroxy sulfate pre-
cipitate, 464dSNC (see also Martian meteorites)
Rb–Sr isochrons, 87dSnow
isotope fraction, H and O, 700dPb, isotope ratios, Lassen National Volcanic
Park, California, 468t210Pb, Pole of Inaccessibility, deposition rate,
526dSnowball Earth
Sr, isotope evolution, 800–650 Ma, 450dSnowbank stock, Minnesota
K–Ar dates, minerals, contact metamorphism,117d
Soil137Cs and 90Sr, activity, Bryansk, Russia, 680t137Cs and 90Sr, loss by leaching, 680t
δD and δ18O, clay minerals, kaolinite andmontmorillonite, 726d
δ15N, animal waste, 806tδ15N, fertilizer, 806tδ15N, organic matter, 806t210Pb, profile, 523dtritium profile, Denmark, 557d
Solar nebula26Al–26Mg decay, 654t182Hf–182W decay, 654t129I–129Xe decay, 654t107Pd–107Ag decay, 655dradionuclides and stable decay products, 654tSi, isotopic mixing δ30Si and δ29Si, 868d
Solar systemgrowth of radiogenic 187Os, 307d
South Africa, Republic ofBushveld Complex, La–Ce isochron, 328ddiamonds, δ13C and δ15N, 815dFig Tree Group, Barberton Greenstone belt,
40∗Ar/39Ar date, 164dOnverwacht Group, Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr isochrons,
203d, 204dTransvaal dolomite, Pb–Pb isochron, 245dWitwatersrand, Re–Os dates, osmiridium and
gold, 315dSphene
annealing, fission tracks, 590dBa, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 341tLa, concentration, Amitsoq gneiss, 345t
Stacey–Kramers model of ore Pb, 266t, 267dSte. Marguerite, chondrite
182Hf–182W date, 661tSteamboat Springs, Colorado
δD and δ18O, water, 719dHe, isotope ratios, 569d
Strontiumatomic weight, calculation, 80tconcentration, rocks, 76tgrowth of radiogenic 87Sr, 90disotope composition, 79tmass spectrum, 66dredistribution of 87Sr among minerals by meta-
morphism of rocks, 91dStrontium-90 (fission product)
Arctic Ocean, water profile, 685dcorals, Oahu and Fiji, 1957–1979, 676d
894 Index
Strontium-90 (fission product) (continued )food items, New York City, 1982, 678tfood, USSR, 1966, 678tglobal distribution, 1965–1967, 674dhuman bones, New York City, 1954–1982,
677dislands, Pacific and Indian Ocean, 676dloss, by leaching soil, Russia, 680tseawater, profiles, 1961, 675dtransfer coefficient, plant/soil, 680t
Structural provinces, CanadaPrecambrian shield, 136d, 205d
Superior province Pb–Pb model dates, feldspar andgalena, 326t
Sudbury, OntarioδD and δ18O, saline minewater, 724d
Sulfide minerals (Cu, Ni, Fe)Re and Os, concentrations, 471t
Sulfurconcentration, isotope composition, sediment,
Bay of Kiel, Baltic Sea, 628disotope composition, 824tisotope fractionation, sulfate–sulfide, Rayleigh
equation, 827dSweden
Gotland, δ18O phosphate and δ18O calcite, Sil-urian, correlation, 735d
Gotland, conodonts and brachiopods, Silurian,δ18O, 734d
Harnas, Re–Os isochron, sulfides, 304dSwitzerland
Lake Sempach, 137Cs profile, sediment, 682d
T
Tanzaniadiamonds, δ13C and δ15N, 815dK–Ar isochron, ignimbrite, Olduvai Gorge, 121d
Taranaki Basin, New ZealandHe, isotope ratios, hydrocarbon gas, 570d
Taurus-Littrow valley, Moon40∗Ar/39Ar partial-release pattern, basalt, 155dorange glass, Ar–Ar isochron, 156dSm–Nd isochron, basalt, 210d
Tectonic provinces, Canada (see Structural prov-inces)
Tennessee, USADucktown, Pb2+ sorption, 464d
Texas, USABoling salt dome, δ34SRb–Sr date, glauconite, Llano region, 98d
Thermoluminescence datingglow curves, pottery, 660dradiation dose, addition, method, 601d, 602dradiation dose, in soil, 599t
Thompson, ManitobaδD and δ18O, saline minewater, 724d
Thoriumrocks, concentration, 215t, 513thalflife 232
90Th, 55t, 216tseawater, concentration, 242t232Th, decay series, 217d230Th/232Th ratio, deep sea sediment, 501d228Th/228Ra dating, Clambake I, 511dTh/U ratio rocks, 513tvolcanic rocks, 537t
TillRb–Sr dating, feldspar, detrital, 101d
Timescale, geologicalMesozoic-Cenozoic, based on 40∗Ar/39Ar dates,
glauconite, 161tPrecambrian, Canada, 135tPrecambrian, Europe, 137tPrecambrian, North America, Geol. Soc. Amer.
137t.Timescales, geomagnetic, 124tTonstein (see also Claystone)
effect of leaching on Rb and Sr concentration,103d
Toro-Ankole volcanic field, East AfricaSr, isotope composition, K-rich volcanic rocks,
360dTorridonian Sandstone, Scotland
Rb–Sr isochron, 105dTransantarctic Mountains
LaGorce Formation, Rb–Sr isochron, 95dTuatara, Mt., Rb–Sr isochron, detrital feldspar,
till, 101dWisconsin Range, 95d, 101d
Transfer coefficient137Cs and 90Sr, plant/soil, 680t
Transuranium elements
Index 895
production, neutron capture, 238U, nuclear reac-tor, 32d, 669d
Transvaal dolomite, South AfricaPb–Pb isochron, 245d
Tri-State District, MissouriBonneterre Formation (Early Cambrian), anoma-
lous Pb line, 278dfilling temperatures, fluid inclusions, calcite,
248dPb, isotope compositions, 276dPb–Pb isochron, calcite, 247d
Tritiumglobal distribution, June, 1963, 557dKirkwood–Cohansey aquifer, New Jersey,
560drise and fall, Ottawa, Canada, 556dsoil profile, Denmark, 557d
Tritium–3He dating, groundwaterKirkwood–Cohansey aquifer, New Jersey,
560dTroilite
Pb, isotope ratios, Canyon Diablo, 260tRe–Os isochron, 308d
Tubuai and Mangaia, Austral Islands, PolynesiaPb–Os, isotopic mixing, basalt, 383tSr–Os, isotopic mixing, basalt, 383d
Tungstenconcentration, meteorites, 660t
U
UkraineChernobyl, nuclear accident, 1986, 682dZbranki Formation, Ovruch Mountains, Rb–Sr
date, 105dUnited Kingdom (UK)
Winnats Head, cave, U–Pb date, calcite, 249dUranium
halflives 23892U, 235
92U, 55t, 216tlimestone, calcite, 246trocks, concentration, 215t, 513tseawater, concentration, 242tTh/U ratios, rocks, 513d238U, decay series, 216d235U, decay series, 217d
U–Pb concordias, 226d, 228d, 229d, 231d, 235d,237d, 239d, 241d
U–Pb isochron, Granite Mountains, Wyoming,241d
U–Pb isochron, calcite, Winnats Head cave,249d
volcanic rocks, 537tUranium and thorium daughters
halflives and decay constants, 498t234U, excess
coral terraces, Barbados, 507d230Th in carbonates, 506d
235U–231Pa carbonate chronometer, 520d
V
Veil, metamorphicIdaho batholith, K–Ar dates, biotite, 133d
Viburnum Trend, Missourianomalous Pb line, 276dPb-isotope systematics galena and chalcopyrite,
276dVigarano, carbonaceous chondrite
δ18O–δ17O, inclusions, FUN anomalies,741d
Vitrinite reflectancekerogen, increase with depth, 763d
Volcanic gas, CO2
δ13C, volcanic rocks, 776dVolcanic rocks
δ13C, oceanic basalt, 778dfractionation SO2 outgassing, 841dHe, isotope ratios, 564dHe, isotope ratios, continental crust, 566dHe–Sr, isotopic mixing, OIBs, 565dδ15N, MORBs and OIBs, 812tδ18O values, 710t231Pa/235U and 230Th/238U, MORBs and OIBs,
536dS, concentration and isotope composition, vol-
canic rocks, Kilauea, Hawaii, 837d230Th–238U isochrons, 533dTh, concentrations, 527tU concentrations, 537t
Vostok Station, Russiaice core, δ18O, 703d
896 Index
W
Washington, USAColumbia River Basalt, 389t
WaterH2O, liquid–vapor, isotope fractionation, Ray-
leigh equation, 700dδ18O, meteoric precipitation, global distribution,
702ddeuterium excess, 700dmeteoric water isotope fractionation of O and D,
700dWater–rock interaction
Bohemia mining district, Oregon, δ18O contours,717d
δ18O, effect of W/R ratio and temperature, 720dSr and Nd, isotope composition, seawater-basalt,
462dWhitney, Mt., California
U–Th/He dating, apatite, 553dWinnats Head cave, UK
U–Pb isochron, calcite speleothem, 249dWisconsin Range, Antarctica
feldspar, till, Rb–Sr isochrons, 101dLa Gorce Formation, Rb–Sr isochron, 95d
Witwatersrand, South AfricaRe–Os dates, native gold, 315dRe–Os dates, osmiridium, 315d
Wyoming, USAGranite Mountains, Th–Pb, U–Pb, and Pb–Pb
isochrons, 241dLeucite Hills, map, 397d
X
XenolithsHe, isotope composition, 566d
N, concentration, isotope composition, minerals,813t
San Carlos, Arizona, δ15N and concentration,minerals, 813d
Y
Yellowknife, NW Territory, CanadaδD and δ18O, saline minewater, 724d
Yellowstone National Park, Wyomingδ18O, thermophilic algae and bacteria, 757d
Z
Zagami (martian meteorite)Sm–Nd isochron, 208d
Zaire River, AfricaPb–Pb, isotopic mixing, sediment, 431dRb and Sr, isotope ratios and concentrations,
sediment, 428tSr, isotopic disequilibrium, water and sediment,
427dSr–Nd, isotope mixture, sediment, 428d
Zbranki Formation, UkraineRb–Sr isochron, 105d
ZimbabweLomagundi and Bulawayan Groups, δ13C, Pre-
cambrian carbonate rocks, 770dMushandike granite and limestone, Pb–Pb iso-
chrons, 244dOs isotope evolution, chromite, 304d
Zirconeffect of weathering, U–Pb dates, 231dHf isotope ratios, Mt. Narryer quartzite, W.
Australia, 293dMorton gneiss, U–Pb concordia, 226d, 229d
top related