in god we trust religion and the founding fathers kevin p. dincher csu-east bay
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In God We In God We TrustTrustReligion and the Founding Fathers
Kevin P. Dincherwww.kevindincher.com
CSU-East Bay
In 1492In 1492In fourteen hundred ninety-twoColumbus sailed the ocean blue.
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And got lost!
October 12, 1492October 12, 14923
1493/14941493/1494
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Francis IFrancis IKing of France (1515-1547)King of France (1515-1547)
“Show me Adam’s will!”
1524: Giovanni da Verrazano◦ Claimed Newfoundland for the
French ◦ Founded New Angoulême on the
actual site of New York City.
1531: trading post in Brazil
1534: Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in Quebec
1541: Jean-François de la Roque de Roberval to settle Canada and to provide for the spread of "the Holy Catholic faith."
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National IdentityNational IdentityCatholic SpainCatholic FranceProtestant England
◦ 1517: Martin Luther 95 Theses
◦ 1534: Henry VIII Act of Supremacy
◦ 1553: Mary I Repealed the Act of Supremacy
◦ 1559: Elizabeth I New Act of Supremacy Supremacy of the Crown Act
(1562)6
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Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy◦ Andrew Preston
◦ English Colonization of America National expansion National identity
Protestant Contain Catholic
Spain and Catholic France
Is Religion in America’s Is Religion in America’s DNA?DNA?
Alexis de Tocqueville◦ “On my arrival in the
United States the religious aspect of the country was the first thing that struck my attention.”
◦ “The Americans combine the notions of religion and liberty so intimately in their minds, that it is impossible to make them conceive of one without the other.”
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Is Religion in America’s Is Religion in America’s DNA?DNA?
De Tocqueville Founding Generation
Religion: ◦Indispensable to the maintenance of republican institutions
◦Calvinism (Congregationalist, Presbyterian, Reformed, Baptist)
The role of religious faith in public life?
The degree to which religion could be supported that was not inconsistent with the revolutionary imperatives of the equality and freedom of all citizens
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Is Religion in America’s DNA?
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“A Christian Nation”
“Separation of Church and State”
In God We TrustIn God We Trust
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“Colonial roots!”
“Founding Fathers!”
“Colonial roots!”
“Founding Fathers!”
In God We TrustIn God We Trust
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In God We TrustIn God We TrustWhat separated us from the Old World was
the idea that books, education and the liberty to think and worship as we wished would create virtuous citizens who cherished and defended, reason, faith and freedom.
In our finest hours, we have been neither wholly religious nor wholly secular but have drawn on both traditions.
John MeachamAmerican Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers and the Making of a Nation
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“A Christian Nation”
“Separation of Church and State”
In God We TrustIn God We Trust
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“Colonial roots!”
“Founding Fathers!”
“Colonial roots!”
“Founding Fathers!”
In God We TrustIn God We TrustRecommended Reading: Handout
Additional Recommendations:
• Andrew Preston: • Sword of Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy
• www.kevindincher.com/fathers
• www.facebook.com/kevinpdincher
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• Christopher Phelps: Constitution Café: Jefferson’s Brew for a True Revolution
In God We TrustIn God We Trust
Course Outline
1.Our National Motto
2.Founding Reality
3.Founding Philosophies
4.Founding Fathers• Thomas Jefferson• Benjamin Franklin• George Washington• John Adams• Others?
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OUR NATIONAL OUR NATIONAL MOTTOMOTTO
In God We Trust
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Great Seal of the USA Great Seal of the USA (1782)(1782)
E Pluribus Unum Has approved of our Undertakings
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Great Seal of the USA Great Seal of the USA (1782)(1782) July 4, 1776: Ordered by Continental Congress
First Committee (July – August, 1776)◦ Franklin, Jefferson and Adams – with Pierre Eugene du Simitiere
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Franklin•Exodus: Moses at the Red Sea•“Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God.“
Jefferson•Exodus: Israelites in the Desert•Hengist and Horsa
Adams•Judgment of Hercules
Judgment of HerculesJudgment of HerculesAnnibale Carracci (1560 - 1609)
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Great Seal of the USA Great Seal of the USA (1782)(1782) July 4, 1776: Ordered by Continental Congress
First Committee (July – August, 1776)◦ Franklin, Jefferson and Adams – with Pierre Eugene du Simitiere
Second Committee (March - May, 1780)◦ Lovell, Scott and Houston – with Francis Hopkinson
Third Committee (May, 1782) ◦ Rutledge, Middleton, Boudinot (Lee later replaced Rutledge) – with
William Barton
Final Design (June 1782)◦ Charles Thomson, Secretary of the Continental Congress◦ June 20, 1782: Submitted/accepted ◦ September 16, 1782: first used by Thomson
September 15, 1789: made official by US Congress
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In God We TrustIn God We Trust
"Defence of Fort McHenry"◦1814 Poem – Francis Scott Key◦4th Stanza
“And this be our motto: In God is our Trust.”
“To Anacreon in Heaven” ◦John Stafford Smith (1778)
Star Spangled Banner◦1931: US National Anthem (Herbert
Hoover)24
In God We TrustIn God We Trust
Civil War Era
1861: Reverend M. R. Watkinson
1863: Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase
1864: Congress – 1¢ and 2¢ coins
1865: Congress – all gold and silver coins
1873: Congress (Coinage Act) – any coins25
In God We TrustIn God We Trust
Early 20th Century
1908: Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared
Teddy Roosevelt
1908: all gold/silver dollars, half-dollars and quarter-dollar
1909: 1¢ coins
1916: 10 ¢ coins
1930: all US coins26
In God We TrustIn God We Trust
Cold War
1952: US Supreme Court (Zorach v. Clauson)◦Nations "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" ◦Government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church
1954: “under God” added to Pledge of Allegiance
1956: In God We Trust = official motto of the USA
1957 – 1966: progressively added to paper money
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In God We TrustIn God We Trust
“Ceremonial Deism”
◦ 1962: Eugene Rostow Dean of Yale Law School
“Nominally religious statements and practices deemed to be merely ritual and non-religious through long customary usage”
2004: Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow
“Under God” in the Pledge of Allegiance28
In God We TrustIn God We Trust
“Ceremonial Deism”
◦1970: US Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit (Aronov v. United States)
"It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency 'In God We Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise."
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In God We TrustIn God We Trust
Past Decade
2003: 90% support inscription on coinsJoint USA Today, CNN and Gallup poll
2006: Senate Reaffirmed "In God We Trust" as the official national motto of the United States of America.
2011: House of RepresentativesReaffirmed "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States
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FOUNDING FOUNDING EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE
In God We Trust
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Founding MythologyFounding Mythology
Religious Freedom Biblical Mandate
◦ Escape persecution 1620: Pilgrims/Plymouth 1630:
Puritans/Massachusetts 1632: Catholics/Maryland 1681:
Quakers/Pennsylvania
◦ Seeking religious freedom
◦ Religiously intolerant
◦ “Driven by” persecution God’s purification
◦ Christian/biblical community
◦ John Winthrop 1630 sermon “”A Model
of Christian Charity” Shining City upon a Hill
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Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceJamestown (1607)
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Founding ExperienceFounding Experience1606: King James I
◦ 2 Charters
The London CompanyVirginia Company of London
The Plymouth CompanyPlymouth AdventurersVirginia Company of Plymouth Virginia Bay Company
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Founding ExperienceFounding Experience1609
◦ The Plymouth Company Dissolved
◦ The London Company New charter
Joint-stock companies Business owned by shareholders
Proprietary Colonies
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1608
Founding ExperienceFounding Experience
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“Proprietary” Colonies . . .
… not “Crown” Colonies
Founding ExperienceFounding Experience
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Proprietary Colony
Monarch
Proprietor (Company/Individu
al)
Governance of the Colony
Crown Colony
Founding ExperienceFounding Experience
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Proprietary Colony
Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceJamestown - 1607
◦ 1st Successful British Settlement Charter: Purpose of the
colony Conversion of Native Americans Trade Agreement
◦ John Smith Faith = the “color” Profit = “aim”
◦ Catholic Spain 40
Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceJamestown
◦ 1606: First Charter 1607: settlement (proprietary colony)
◦ 1609: Second Charter Sea to Sea Great freedom to run own affairs Reverend Robert Grey (London) – supported
emigration Solution to England's overpopulation. “…advanced the glorie of God…” “…inlarged the glorie and wealth of their countrey."
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Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceJamestown
◦ Winter of 1609–1610 “The Starving Time” 80% of colonists died Martial Law
Strict religious rules
◦ 1612: Third Charter Lottery Added territory Increased political autonomy
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Seal of the Virginia Company of London
Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceJamestown
◦ Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1610 – 1614 (Pocahontas) 1622 – 1632 1644 – 1646
◦ Fourth Charter (1624) Restrictions Greater involvement by the Crown Rejected by shareholders
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Founding ExperienceFounding Experience1624: Crown Colony
Anglican Church state religion Worship limited to Anglican Church Anglican Church supported by taxes
Line between religious and civil authority became quite blurry
Other Religions Evangelical Protestants Native Americans Africans
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Massachusetts
◦ 1620: The Plymouth Council for New England
Joint-stock company Business owned
by shareholders
Proprietary colony 1635: Crown
colony 45
Founding ExperienceFounding Experience
Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceMassachusetts
◦ 1559: Act of Uniformity
◦ Pilgrims (English Calvinists) Separatist: irreconcilable difference Netherlands (1607-1617) Plymouth Colony (1620)
London Company Agreement: Hudson River Mayflower/Speedwell (90 + 30 = 120 passengers)
40% of the adults (56% of families) = “pilgrims” Mayflower Compact – Majoritarian Model
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Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceMassachusetts
◦ 1630: Puritans (English Calvinists)Church of England: purify from withinMassachusetts Bay CompanyJohn Winthrop
Sermon: A Model of Christian Charity Shining City on a Hill
Theocracy: Christian commonwealth
◦ 1630 – 1640: 21,000 Puritans immigrated16 million descendants in the US today
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Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceMassachusetts
◦ Rev. Samuel Skelton My 11th great-grandfather 1630: Salem
Congregational Church
◦ Dominion of New England 1684: Crown Colony 1686: Plymouth, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay,
Connecticut, and New Hampshire 1688: New York, East Jersey and West Jersey 1691: Return to original charters
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Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceRhode Island
◦ 1636: Roger Williams Providence Plantation 1638: First Baptist Church of
Providence
◦ 1637: Anne Hutchinson Mary Dyer
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There is no regularly constituted church of Christ on earth, nor any person qualified to administer any church ordinances; nor can there be until new apostles are sent by the Great Head of the Church for whose coming I am seeking."[
Mary Dyer◦ Hanged in Boston
on June 1, 1660 for being a Quaker
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Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceRhode Island
◦ 1636: Roger Williams – Providence Plantation
◦ 1637: Anne Hutchinson
◦ 1644: Charter – Rhode Island and Providence Plantation abolished witchcraft trials, imprisonment for debt, most
capital punishment, most religious groups were welcomed – restrictions on
Catholics
◦ 1652: Abolished chattel slavery of both blacks and whites
◦ 1663: Crown colony "Roman Catholics shall not enjoy the rights of freemen." 51
Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceMaryland (1632)
◦ Charter to Caecelius Calvert, Lord Baltimore
Proprietary colony Baltimore directly owned all of the
land Catholic Colony”
◦ 1639: Ordinance granting religious freedom
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Founding ExperienceFounding Experience
◦ 1649: Maryland Tolerance Act
◦ 1654: Act Concerning Religion
◦ 1676: Maryland Tolerance Act reinstated/revised
◦ 1689: Protestant rebellion ("Coode's Rebellion“) Crown Colony Catholicism outlawed
◦ 1704: Act “to prevent the growth of Popery in this province” Catholics banned
from political office53
1644: Fighting between Catholics and Protestant in Maryland begins
Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceConnecticut (River Colony,1636)
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Founding ExperienceFounding ExperienceConnecticut (River Colony,1636)
◦1650: Ludlow’s Code First codification of Connecticut’s laws
Prohibits murder, forgery, theft and heresy Heresy punishable by death Denied vote to Quakers and Catholics Prohibited providing lodging to Quakers, Jews,
Catholics and other heretics
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Founding ExperienceFounding ExperiencePennsylvania
◦ 1677: West NJ
◦ 1681: Pennsylvania Proprietary colony Frame of Government:
Democratic system with elected representatives
Separation of powers Full freedom of religion
Complete freedom for everyone who believed in God
◦ Most diverse population Quaker Catholic Presbyterian Lutheran Amish Unity of the Brethren Mennonite Moravian Schwenkfelder, Reformed
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1776: Population of 3 1776: Population of 3 MillionMillionChurch MembershipNew England: 33%South: 5%
Church Participation50% to 75% of the population
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Established ChurchesAnglican
1. Georgia
2. New York
3. Maryland
4. North Carolina
5. South Carolina
6. Virginia
Congregational1. Connecticut
2. Massachusetts
3. New Hampshire
None1. Delaware
2. New Jersey
3. Pennsylvania
4. Rhode Island
1776: Population of 3 1776: Population of 3 MillionMillion Anglicans
◦ 510,000 (17%)
Calvinists◦ 2.4 million (80%)
Congregationalist Presbyterians Reformed Baptists
Quakers◦ 40,000 (1.3%)
Catholics◦ 30,000 (1%)
Jews◦ 1000 (.033%)
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