improving healthcare outcomes & reducing costs through medical automation
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AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
WPI Venture ForumMay 11, 2010
Improving Healthcare proving Healthcare
Outcomes & Reducing Costs Outcomes & Reducing Costs
through Medical through Medical
Automation & RoboticsAutomation & Robotics
2AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Medical Automation & RoboticsMedical Automation & Robotics
� Past through Present
� Opportunities
� Technologies
� Venues
� Summary
�References
3AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
DefinitionsDefinitions
Robot DefinitionsRobot Definitions vary. There is a general consensus of the essential robot vary. There is a general consensus of the essential robot characteristics:characteristics:
�� SensorsSensors —— Robots employ sensing technology to acquire information Robots employ sensing technology to acquire information about their environment. about their environment.
�� IntelligenceIntelligence —— Robots process information captured through sensor Robots process information captured through sensor technology and produce outputs for decision making, coordinationtechnology and produce outputs for decision making, coordination and and control. control.
�� MotionMotion —— Robots automatically follow instructions that are preRobots automatically follow instructions that are pre--programmed, or generated in realprogrammed, or generated in real--time based on sensor input, to perform time based on sensor input, to perform deliberate, controlled, and often repeated, mechatronic actiondeliberate, controlled, and often repeated, mechatronic action
Robotics for Medicine and HealthcareRobotics for Medicine and Healthcare is considered the domain of is considered the domain of systems able to systems able to perform coordinated mechatronic actionsperform coordinated mechatronic actions (force or (force or movement exertions) on the basis of movement exertions) on the basis of processing of information processing of information acquired through sensor technologyacquired through sensor technology, with the , with the aim to support the aim to support the functioning of impaired individuals, medical interventions, carefunctioning of impaired individuals, medical interventions, careand rehabilitation of patientsand rehabilitation of patients and also to support individuals in and also to support individuals in prevention programs.prevention programs.
4AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Robotics: Ancient HistoryRobotics: Ancient History
�� AutomatonsAutomatons
�� Early automated device in antiquity Early automated device in antiquity
�� Ancient Alexandria, EgyptAncient Alexandria, Egypt
�� Herron of Alexandria wrote 5 books Herron of Alexandria wrote 5 books
�� Recent discoveries demonstrated Recent discoveries demonstrated
•• Automated doorsAutomated doors
•• Flying chariotsFlying chariots
•• Entertainment robotic theatresEntertainment robotic theatres
�� Ancient GreeksAncient Greeks
�� Ancient ChineseAncient Chinese
�� Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci
�� Lion walk across floor and present flowers to the kingLion walk across floor and present flowers to the king
5AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
1990s1990s
2000s2000s
1980s1980s
19601960--70s70s
19401940--50s50s
19201920--30s30s “Dumb” machines
Computers developed
1st Industrial Robot GM: Unimate
1st Lap Cholecystectomy
Puma 560: TURP
SRI: Robotics & Telemanipulation
Medical Automation & Robotics: History
da Vinci of Intuitive Surgical
Computer Motion & Intuitive Surgical Merge
ROBODOC from ISS AESOPTM
Fantastic Voyage’Movie
Hansen, Stereotaxis
6AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Medical Automation & Robotics: Medical Automation & Robotics:
OpportunityOpportunity
Minimally invasive procedures for these surgeries in yellow late ’90’s
7AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Growing Unmet Health NeedsGrowing Unmet Health Needs
Courtesy Robotics Business Review © 2009
8AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Growing Clinician NeedsGrowing Clinician Needs
Clinician Shortages:Clinician Shortages:�� Patient Patient -- Nurse RatioNurse Ratio
�� Aging populationAging population
�� population growth population growth
�� average age of nurses average age of nurses
�� changes in opportunities for changes in opportunities for
women women
�� enrollment in nursing schools enrollment in nursing schools
�� high RN turnover ratehigh RN turnover rate
�� restrictions on work visas restrictions on work visas
�� understaffed nursing schools understaffed nursing schools
Potential Solutions:Potential Solutions:
� improving education
� increasing job security
� reverse bidding
� staffing by a free agency
� increasing wages
9AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Social DriversSocial Drivers�� Increasing disabled Increasing disabled
�� Aging Population/Caregiver Aging Population/Caregiver demandsdemands
�� Boomer expectations, demands, Boomer expectations, demands, money and political cloutmoney and political clout
�� Litigious societyLitigious society
Business/Clinical DriversBusiness/Clinical Drivers�� Costs Costs –– Procedure and EconomicProcedure and Economic
�� Reimbursement/PayorsReimbursement/Payors
�� Clinical Labor shortageClinical Labor shortage
�� MIS DemandMIS Demand
�� Quality, Reliability and Safety Quality, Reliability and Safety �� Precision Precision
�� RepeatabilityRepeatability
Technology DriversTechnology Drivers�� Increasing Computer PowerIncreasing Computer Power
�� Imaging Imaging –– 2D and 3D2D and 3D
�� Pattern RecognitionPattern Recognition
�� Haptics Haptics -- PalpationPalpation
�� Advanced MaterialsAdvanced Materials
�� MEMS/NanotechnologyMEMS/Nanotechnology
�� Miniature ActuatorsMiniature Actuators
�� SensorsSensors
�� Human Factors InterfaceHuman Factors Interface
Market DriversMarket Drivers
10AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Barriers to EntryBarriers to Entry
Business/Clinical BarriersBusiness/Clinical Barriers�� Market Need Market Need -- Moving TargetMoving Target
�� Reimbursement/Payors Reimbursement/Payors –– CPT, ICD9, DRGCPT, ICD9, DRG
�� Intellectual Property Intellectual Property
�� Competition Competition
�� Expense of DevelopmentExpense of Development
�� Investors Investors --> ROI> ROI
�� LiabilityLiability
�� User acceptance/easeUser acceptance/ease--ofof--use => data overloaduse => data overload
�� Regulatory ApprovalRegulatory Approval –– FDA, ISO FDA, ISO
�� Clinical TrialsClinical Trials
�� PoliticsPolitics
11AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
�� Better Healthcare TogetherBetter Healthcare Together report asserted report asserted
�� BroadbandBroadband--based applications could save the US based applications could save the US
$197 billion over next twenty five years.$197 billion over next twenty five years.
�� Economist Robert Litan based savings on reducing ED Economist Robert Litan based savings on reducing ED
visits, hospitalizations, and length of stay in hospitalsvisits, hospitalizations, and length of stay in hospitals
�� Based on large population chronic diseases: Based on large population chronic diseases: congestive congestive
heart failure, diabetes, COPD, and chronic skin heart failure, diabetes, COPD, and chronic skin
conditionsconditions..
�� Reimbursement issues are a critical issue to solveReimbursement issues are a critical issue to solve
�� Bringing Bringing broadband into more homesbroadband into more homes is a limiting is a limiting
factor factor
Medical Automation & Robotics: Medical Automation & Robotics:
Opportunity CostsOpportunity Costs
12AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Medical Automation & Robotics: Medical Automation & Robotics:
OpportunityOpportunity
$153.2 billion $197 billion $43.8 billion
$12.5 billion $16.0 billion $3.5 billion
$18.7 billion $24.1 billion $5.4 billion
$42.3 billion $54.4 billion $12.1 billion
$79.7 billion $102.5 billion $22.8 billion
Baseline Savings Policy Savings Gain from
Policy Change
$10.1 billion10.1 million Total:
$0.1 billion 0.1 million Chronic Wound Patients
$3.4 billion 3.4 million COPD Patients
$2.8 billion 2.8 million Diabetes Patients
$3.8 billion 3.8 million Heart Patients
Expense Number of Patients
13AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Major Opportunity AreasMajor Opportunity Areas
�� AmbulatoryAmbulatory
�� Behavior/Social Behavior/Social –– Autism, Elderly Autism, Elderly
�� Clinical Care Clinical Care –– Facilities, Nursing, PointFacilities, Nursing, Point--ofof--CareCare
�� Dental Dental –– CAD, Precision Hardware (Braces)CAD, Precision Hardware (Braces)
�� Emergency Emergency –– ER, Accident, BattlefieldER, Accident, Battlefield
�� High Throughput Screening for New DrugsHigh Throughput Screening for New Drugs
�� Home Home –– Social, Entertainment, ConnectivitySocial, Entertainment, Connectivity
�� Rehabilitation Rehabilitation –– Limb, StrokeLimb, Stroke
�� Surgery Surgery –– CAS, Simulation Training, TelesurgeryCAS, Simulation Training, Telesurgery
�� TelemedicineTelemedicine
14AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Classes of Healthcare RoboticsClasses of Healthcare Robotics
Courtesy Robotics Business Review © 2009
Robotics Technology That Support Doctors, Surgeons, Dentists
Robotic Technology to Support Patients
Robotic Technologies For Temporary Use
Robotic Technologies For Continual Use
Robotic Technology That Supports Infrastructure
Robotic Interventional Systems
Robotic Rehabilitation/ Therapeutic Systems
Robotic Assistive Technology Systems
Robotic Hospital Automation Systems
Robotic Learning/Training Systems
Robotic Support Systems
Robotic Prosthetic and Orthotic Systems
Robotic Smart Living Spaces
Robotic Diagnostic Systems
Robotics Nursing Assistants
Robotics Lifestyle Enhancement Systems
Robotic Laboratory Automation
Robotics Surgical Assistants
15AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Medical Venues: Acute to AmbulatoryMedical Venues: Acute to Ambulatory
�� Accident and Battlefield Accident and Battlefield –– Ambulance, Medic Ambulance, Medic
�� Emergency Room (ER) Emergency Room (ER)
�� Operating Room (OR)Operating Room (OR)
�� Hospital Hospital –– Facilities, Nursing, POCFacilities, Nursing, POC
�� Clinical LaboratoryClinical Laboratory
�� Rehabilitation and LongRehabilitation and Long--Term CareTerm Care
�� Physician Office: PointPhysician Office: Point--ofof--CareCare
�� Home and AmbulatoryHome and Ambulatory
16AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Cost vs. VenueCost vs. Venue
Cost vs. Venue
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Battle
field
Accid
ent
Emer
gency
Roo
m
Ope
ratin
g Roo
m
Acute
Hosp
ital
Long
-Term
Care
Reh
ab
Physi
cian
Offi
ceH
ome
Ambu
lato
ry
17AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Ambulance and EmergencyAmbulance and Emergency
Requirements:
� Locate patients
� Evaluate patients’ injuries/disease
� Stabilize and prepare patients for transfer
� Monitor and transport patient and passengers to ER
� Patient data communication w/physician + facility
Solutions:� Portable Vitals Monitoring Systems
� Automated Dispatch Calling System
� Servo-Controlled ambulance bed
� VECNA Bear Robot for lifting some patients
18AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Instrument
� Diagnose a battlefield injury based on biomarkers in body fluids
� Automatically releases appropriate drugs
By Clarkson University
Explosion Sensor
� Disposable plastic strip, withembedded sensors
� Measure explosive power
� Strip fits onto a soldier's helmet
� Cost < $1
� Records 1 week’s experience
DARPA funded the Palo Alto Research Center's development
Ambulance Ambulance -- BattlefieldBattlefield
19AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Ambulance Ambulance -- BattlefieldBattlefield
20AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Ambulance Ambulance -- EmergencyEmergency
IntelliVue MP2 Patient Monitor
By Philips
Heartstart Portable Defibrillator
� Life-Saving Technology
� Automated for any user
by Philips
RFID system
� Emergency vehicles inventory control
by ThinkMagic developed
21AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Emergency RoomEmergency Room
ER and Surgical Assistant: Penelope Robotic Nurse
By Robotic Systems & Technologies
Requirements:
� Determine and diagnose
Patients’ injuries/disease
� Stabilize patients
� Treat patients
� Prepare for transfer to OR, room,
home, or step-down facility
Penelope
Solutions:
� RFID Systems to track instruments
� Vitals Monitoring Systems
� Imaging Systems
22AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Surgical ApplicationsSurgical Applications
ApplicationsApplications
�� Abdominal/GYN Abdominal/GYN (AESOP, da Vinci)(AESOP, da Vinci)
�� Cancer Cancer (Cyberknife Radiosurgery)(Cyberknife Radiosurgery)
�� Cardiac/Pulmonary/Thoracic/VascularCardiac/Pulmonary/Thoracic/Vascular
(Hansen, Stereotaxis) (Hansen, Stereotaxis)
�� Neurosurgical Neurosurgical (Neuromate)(Neuromate)
�� NOTES NOTES (NeoGuide)(NeoGuide)
�� Orthopedic, Spine Orthopedic, Spine (RoboDoc, Mako Surgical, (RoboDoc, Mako Surgical,
Mazor)Mazor)
�� Urological Urological
�� Pediatric Pediatric
First unmanned telesurgeryinvolving a robotic surgeon anda robotic scrub technician
Cyberknife
23AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Operating RoomOperating Room
Solutions:Solutions:� RFID Systems to track
instruments� Vitals Monitoring Systems� Imaging Systems� Hi-Res, Large Display
Monitors� Surgical Navigations Systems� Robotic Surgical Systems
OR Surgical RequirementsOR Surgical Requirements::� Avoid injury / do no harm
� Controlled Precise movements� No tremor� No fatigue
� Clear visualization� Provide unambiguous view� Different view perspectives
� Maintain Patient stabilization� Vital signs remain normal� Alter vitals as required
� Reduced surgeon physical strain� Surgical instrument access� Instrument cleaning and
sterilization� Be prepared for unexpected
24AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Operating Room: PastOperating Room: Past
Image Guidance
Optical: BrainLab, Medtronic
Electromagnetic: GE
Intuitive Surgical’s da Vinci Surgical System
Using the da Vinci Surgical System
Armstrong Healthcare’s EndoAssist
Computer Motion’s AESOP
25AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Operating Room: PresentOperating Room: Present
Mako Surgical Robot w/Orthopedic Implant
Stereotaxis Robot Hansen Medicals’ Sensei Robot
26AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Operating Room: FutureOperating Room: Future
SnakeSnake--like robotlike robot�� Features two thin rods Features two thin rods
�� Tipped with tentacleTipped with tentacle--like like
tools tools
�� Six degrees of freedomSix degrees of freedom
SteadySteady--hand Robot hand Robot
SystemSystem�� Surgeons will inject Surgeons will inject
visionvision--saving drugs into saving drugs into
tiny blood vessels in the tiny blood vessels in the
eye in the futureeye in the future
Robot Arm from Carnegie Mellon Institute
by Johns Hopkins Universityby Johns Hopkins University
by Johns Hopkins Universityby Johns Hopkins University
27AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
ePill by Philips Research
� Deliver a drug to a precise location in the GI tract
� Will soon test in animals
Operating Room: FutureOperating Room: Future
Microbot (Credit: Image courtesy of Institute of Physics)
� Analyze vascular wall
� Stop inflammation
� Treat blockages
28AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
MIS Mitral valve repair Robotic System
� Minimally Invasive
� Beating Heart
by Harvard and Children's Hospital of Boston
Operating Room: FutureOperating Room: Future
PneuStep Biopsy Robot by Johns Hopkins Urology Robotics Lab
� Can do organ biopsies during MRI scans
29AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Clinical LaboratoryClinical Laboratory
RequirementsRequirements
� Accurate
� Repeatable
� Fast Response
� Sufficient Capacity to meet clinicians’ needs
� Maintenance & Service New Microfluidics Analyzer
� Requires only a drop of blood
� Tests for 35 proteins
� Results in ten minutes
� by Caltech and Institute for Systems Biology
30AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Clinical FacilitiesClinical Facilities
RequirementsRequirements
� Patient Tracking� Entry
� Procedures w/info
� Location
� Health status
� Study participant
� Exit –w/instructions
� Follow-up
� Equipment tracking � Location� Maintenance
� Recall status
� Medicine delivery
� Laundry pickup and delivery
� Food delivery and dish-utensil pickup
� Instrument � Cleaning
� Sterilization
Solutions
� RFID Systems
� Facility Robots
� eHealth Records
� Vitals monitors
31AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
HospitalHospital
Roving PhysicianBy InTouch Health
Helpmate - ATLIS (Automated Transport and Logistics Integration Systems) by FMC
32AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Swisslog’s PillPick system
� Bar-code packages
� Stores and dispenses unit dose medications
� Unit doses are automatically placed by Pill Picker
HospitalHospital
Swisslog's BoxPicker
� High-density, automated pharmacy
� Warehouse for the storage and dispensing of medications
� Refrigerated medications, and supplies
33AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
WORLD'S LARGEST TELEPHARMACY, THE US NAVY
HospitalHospital
34AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Point Of Care Point Of Care –– DoctorDoctor’’s Offices Office
Signos Personal
Ultrasound Systemby Signostics
Requirements
� Patient Care
� Diagnose
� Therapy
� Refer
� Business and Admin
Solutions
� Discrete Instruments with
� enhanced sensors
� data
� display
� EMR (Health IT, e-Health)
� Business Software
� 21st Century Stethoscope
Accuson P10 handheld ultrasound
By Siemens
35AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Point Of Care Point Of Care –– DoctorDoctor’’s Offices Office
36AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Myomo: Robots empower patient at home
Intelligent Robotic Facilitator
Requirements
� Patient Care
� Therapy
� Feedback, Track Progress
� Back to optimum health
� Onsite and at home
� Business and Admin
37AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
RehabilitationRehabilitation
A Manhattan Project for the Prosthetic Arms Race
� Repetitive task practice
� Patient controlled
38AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Home, Ambulatory Home, Ambulatory ––
CARE EVERYWHERECARE EVERYWHERE
ISSUESISSUES�� Healthcare Costs Healthcare Costs
�� 17% GDP 17% GDP
�� 20% by 202020% by 2020
�� Chronic conditionsChronic conditions�� 75% of the nation75% of the nation’’s s
health care costshealth care costs
REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS�� Reduce CostsReduce Costs
�� Improve HealthImprove Health
SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS
�� Maximize Health outside Maximize Health outside
clinical settingsclinical settings
�� Prevention Prevention
�� Remote Rehab Remote Rehab
�� Remote MonitoringRemote Monitoring�� Health IT, EHR, Telehealth Health IT, EHR, Telehealth
�� ConnectivityConnectivity
�� SecuritySecurity
�� TransparencyTransparency
39AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Home, Ambulatory Home, Ambulatory ––
CARE EVERYWHERECARE EVERYWHERE
MEDICATION COMPLIANCEMEDICATION COMPLIANCE
�� > 1/2 the elderly population suffer from one or > 1/2 the elderly population suffer from one or
more chronic illnesses more chronic illnesses
�� they have been prescribed they have been prescribed ≥≥ 3 medications. 3 medications.
�� NonNon--compliance costs over $150 billion per year compliance costs over $150 billion per year
in the U.S. in the U.S.
�� challenge of remembering how to take the challenge of remembering how to take the
medications properlymedications properly
40AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Home, Ambulatory Home, Ambulatory ––
CARE EVERYWHERECARE EVERYWHERE
OmniPod Insulin Management System
By Insulet Corporation
"Equivital“
� Wearable vital signs monitor
� Measures and transmits
� Heart rate
� Two lead ECG
� Respiration
� Temperature
� Blood oxygen saturation
� Fall detection
41AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Home, Ambulatory Home, Ambulatory ––
CARE EVERYWHERECARE EVERYWHERE
Fitbit
� Small size pedometer
� Clipped on clothes or a wristband
� 24/7 monitoring
� Wireless data upload for analysis
Real TimeLocation System
� Test movement monitoring
� Early indication of dementia
University of South Florida
Corventis - PiiX,
• 15-centimeter patch that applied directly to the patient’s chest.
• It measures real-time heart rate, body temperature, physical activity, body position, respiration rate, and body fluid levels
42AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Home, Ambulatory Home, Ambulatory ––
CARE EVERYWHERECARE EVERYWHERE
SENSORED CONTACT LENS DETECTS GLAUCOMA
• High intraocular pressure is a sign of developing glaucoma
• ophthalmologists have means for measuring that pressure, nut not continuous readings.
•Swiss company, Sensimed (Lausanne) has a sensor-embedded .
Courtesy: Medical Automation
Toto's new Intelligence Toilet II monitors weight, blood sugar levels, and other vital signs, transferring data to your computer for analysis via WiFi
43AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Point Of Care Point Of Care –– DoctorDoctor’’s Offices Office
44AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
FutureFuture
Tissue Engineering + MEMS/NANO + Electronics + Mechanics + Tissue Engineering + MEMS/NANO + Electronics + Mechanics + Biologics + Microbiology => Biologics + Microbiology =>
�� Life Supporting Systems Life Supporting Systems –– Limbs Limbs
�� Life Sustaining Systems Life Sustaining Systems –– OrgansOrgans
�� RoboSapiens or Humobots RoboSapiens or Humobots –– Integration of systems and humansIntegration of systems and humans
RESULTSRESULTS�� Improved QOLImproved QOL
�� Extend LifeExtend Life
�� New lifeNew life
45AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
SUMMARY:SUMMARY: Key Steps to SuccessKey Steps to Success
BusinessBusiness
�� Market Need Market Need -- Moving TargetMoving Target
�� Clinical/Client AdoptionClinical/Client Adoption
�� Business Models Business Models –– Who Who Pays?Pays?
�� Reimbursement/Payors Reimbursement/Payors ––CPT, ICD9, DRGCPT, ICD9, DRG
�� Regulatory ApprovalRegulatory Approval –– ISOISO--like Intellectual Property like Intellectual Property
�� Competition / AllianceCompetition / Alliance
�� Expense of DevelopmentExpense of Development
�� Investors Investors --> ROI > ROI
�� LiabilityLiability
CustomerCustomer
�� Level of skill, knowledgeLevel of skill, knowledge
�� User acceptance/easeUser acceptance/ease--ofof--use, Pervasive use, Pervasive
�� DATA DATA –– Fragmented, Fragmented, Overload vs. Overload vs. Understandable, Usable Understandable, Usable
�� Clinical TrialsClinical Trials
46AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Website ReferencesWebsite References
http://medicalautomation.org/index.phphttp://medicalautomation.org/index.phpMedical AutomationMedical Automation
http://www.sages.orghttp://www.sages.orgSociety of American Gastrointestinal and Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES)Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES)
http://www.roboticsurgery.comhttp://www.roboticsurgery.comRobotic SurgeryRobotic Surgery
http://www.robotics.orghttp://www.robotics.orgRobotics Association of America (RIA)Robotics Association of America (RIA)
http://www.mira2008.comhttp://www.mira2008.com ; ;
http://www.miraweb.org /http://www.miraweb.org /
Minimally Invasive Robotic Association Minimally Invasive Robotic Association (MIRA)(MIRA)
http://www.mrcas.ri.cmu.edu http://www.mrcas.ri.cmu.edu Medical Robotics and Computer Aided Medical Robotics and Computer Aided
Surgery (MRCAS)Surgery (MRCAS)
http://www.atmeda.orghttp://www.atmeda.orgAmerican Telemedicine Association American Telemedicine Association (ATA)(ATA)
http://www.facs.orghttp://www.facs.orgAmerican College of Surgeons (ACS)American College of Surgeons (ACS)
URLURLOrganizationOrganization
47AMI, Inc.Improving Healthcare
Through Automation
Medical Automation & RoboticsMedical Automation & Robotics
Thank You!Thank You!
Martin SklarMartin Sklar
Automated Medical Instruments, Inc.Automated Medical Instruments, Inc.
781781--248248--68416841
msklar@automedinst.commsklar@automedinst.com
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