imperialism the policy in which stronger nations take over weaker ones economic: new markets,...
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ImperialismThe policy in which stronger nations take over weaker onesEconomic: new markets, natural resources
Political: gain colonies, power, status
Military: compete in arms race,power
Belief in racial/ cultural superiority of people of European descent (Anglo/Saxon)
Economic Reasons
American farmers has produced a surplus of goods
Needed new markets to sell stuff
Needed raw materials for factories
Solution: foreign trade
1. Commercial/Business Interests
1. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
1. Commercial/Business Interests
1. Commercial/Business Interests
2. Military/Strategic Interests
2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
Superiority Some Americans combined thephilosophy of Social Darwinism(survivial of fittest) with free-market competition ( private ownership of business)
withracial superiority to justify
imperialism
3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’sBurden
The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy
of RaceThe Hierarchy
of Race
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
5. Closing the American Frontier
5. Closing the American Frontier
U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
• 75% of wealth from sugar plantations
• Plantations owned by Americans
1875 no duty on Hawaiian sugar
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii1875 – Reciprocity
Treaty gave access to sugar for
land (Pearl Harbor)
1890 – McKinley Tariff 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminated
the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar
1893 – Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising against Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853
Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View of
Commodore Perry
The Japanese View of
Commodore Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries.
The U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco to rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separateschools.
1908 Root-Takahira Agreement.
Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Non-European powers,like Japan, would beexcluded from owningterritory in the WesternHemisphere.
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million$7.2 million
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor
Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba
Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy
Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
De Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.
The “Rough Riders”
The “Rough Riders”
Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
Battleship MaineJanuary 24, 1898
Battleship MaineFebruary 15, 1898
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?
How prepared was the US for war?
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!
Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?
Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the FilipinoUprising.
July 4, 1946:Philippine independence
William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the Philippines
William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.
Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”
The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines.
The U. S. becomesan imperial power!
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
The American Anti-Imperialist
LeagueFounded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.
Andrew Carnegie
• Industrialist• Member of Anti-Imperialist League
• Offers to pay $20 million to give the Philippines its independence
Teller Amendment (1898)
Platt Amendment (1903)
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?
Senator Orville Platt
Senator Orville Platt
Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker Act. PR became an “unincorporated
territory.”
Citizens of PR, not of the US.
Import duties on PR goods
1901-1903 the Insular Cases. Constitutional rights were not
automatically extended to territorial possessions.
Congress had the power to decide these rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!
Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – Jones Act. Gave full territorial status to PR.
Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.
PRs elected theirown legislators &governor to enforcelocal laws.
PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.
A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.
Panama: The King’s Crown
Panama: The King’s Crown
1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
1901 Hay-Paunceforte Treaty.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.
1903 Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.
Panama CanalPanama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction
begins in 1904)
TR in Panama(Construction
begins in 1904)
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .
Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”
The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy
Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.
TheOpen Door
Policy
TheOpen Door
Policy
America as a Pacific Power
America as a Pacific Power
The Cares of a Growing Family
The Cares of a Growing Family
Constable of the WorldConstable of the World
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for TeddyNobel Peace Prize for Teddy
The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907
Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Improve financialopportunities for American businesses.
Use private capital tofurther U. S. interestsoverseas.
Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
The Mexican Revolution: 1910sEmiliano
ZapataEmiliano Zapata
Francisco I Madero
Francisco I Madero
Venustiano Carranza
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Porfirio Diaz
Pancho Villa
Pancho Villa
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.
Searching for BanditosSearching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in 1914.
U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America,
1914
U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America,
1914
U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s
U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s
Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”
Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”
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