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Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Orkhan H PashayevPetroleum Engineering
DepartmentTexas A&M University
February 2004Masters Division
Presentation Outline
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
IntroductionProblem StatementBackground and Literature ReviewObjectives
Numerical ModelingGrid SensitivityMatching Experimental ResultsNumerical Analyses of Spontaneous Imbibition
Imbibition Upscaling
Conclusions
Problem Statement
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
An understanding the role of imbibition in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs in order to achieve maximum recovery
Lack of knowledge in upscaling laboratory imbibition experiments to field dimensions
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Two methods of modeling Naturally Fractured ReservoirsNumerical model with sufficiently
refined grid to adequately represent matrix/fracture geometry
Dual Porosity Model (Warren and Root, 1963)
Background and Literature Review
VUGS MATRIX
FRACTURE
MATRIX FRACTURE
ACTUAL RESERVOIR MODEL RESERVOIR
VUGS MATRIX
FRACTURE
VUGS MATRIX
FRACTURE
MATRIX FRACTUREMATRIX FRACTURE
ACTUAL RESERVOIR MODEL RESERVOIR
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Expulsion of oil from matrix block to the surrounding fractures by capillary imbibition of water is the most important oil recovery in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Background and Literature Review
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Transfer Functions:
Transfer functions that use Darcy’s Law
Diffusivity transfer functions
Empirical transfer functions
Scaling transfer functions
Background and Literature Review
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Scaling transfer functions: Rapoport (1952)
Graham and Richardson (1959), Mattax and Kyte (1962)
Hamon and Vidal (1986), Bourblaux and Kalaidjian (1995), Akin and Kovsek (1998), etc
Du Prey (1978), Kazemi (1992), Ma et.al (1996), etc
blockmatrixw
c
welw
c
w dS
dP
L
tk
dS
dP
L
tk
2
mod
2
2
1
L
ktt
W
mD
Background and Literature Review
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Conduct numerical studies with matrix block surrounded by fractures to better understand the characteristic of spontaneous imbibition
Evaluate dimensionless time tD and investigate the limitations of the upscaling laboratory imbibition experiments to field dimensions
Objectives
Presentation Outline
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
IntroductionProblem StatementBackground and Literature ReviewObjectives
Numerical ModelingGrid SensitivityMatching Experimental ResultsNumerical Analyses of Spontaneous Imbibition
Imbibition Upscaling
Conclusions
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Two phase black-oil commercial simulator, CMG™
Core = 3.2cm x 3.2cm x 4.9cmK = 74.7SWi = 41.61%Φ = 15.91%μOIL = 3.52 cpμWATER = 0.68 cpAPIOIL = 31°
Simulation Parameters
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Cartesian grid system
Grid Sensitivity Analyses
SimulationRun
No. of gridblocks in I, J and K directionsTotal No. of
gridblocks
I - Direction J - Direction K - Direction
1 7 7 7 343
2 12 12 12 1,728
3 16 16 16 4,096
4 20 20 20 8,000
5 20 20 25 10,000
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Grid Sensitivity AnalysesOil Recovery Curves
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000
Time, min
Re
co
ve
ry,
%
7x7x7 - 343
12x12x12 - 1728
16x16x16 - 4096
20x20x20 - 8000
20x20x25 - 10000
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Grid Sensitivity Analyses
Water Saturation Profile
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
65 65.5 66 66.5 67 67.5 68 68.5 69
Water Saturation (%)
7x7x7 - 343
12x12x12 - 1728
16x16x16 - 4096
20x20x20 - 8000
20x20x25 - 10000
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Grid Sensitivity Analyses
Computer Time
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
Total No. of Gridblocks
CP
U T
ime,
sec
1728 4096
8000
10000
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Reservoir Grid
I = 20, J = 20, K = 20
No. of gridblocks = 8000
Grid dimensionsI: 1x0.01cm 18x0.178cm 1x0.01cmJ:1x0.01cm 18x0.178cm 1x0.01cmK:1x0.01cm 19x0.259cm
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Matching Experimental Results
Simulation vs. Experiment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
Time, min
Oil
Re
co
ver
y, %
Simulation
Experiment
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Matching Experimental Results
The following logarithmic capillary pressure relationship was used
)ln(SwPP occ
PC° - threshold capillary pressureSW – water saturation
Simulation vs. Experiment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
Time, min
Oil R
ec
ov
ery
, %
Simulation
Experiment
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Matching Experimental Results
2ocP
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Gravity Effect
Bond number
ρWATER = 1 g/cc
ρOIL = 0.8635 g/cc
ρWATER = ρOIL = 0.8635 g/cc
221 Lg
Bo
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Different Boundary Conditions
All Faces Open
Two Ends Closed
Two Ends Open
One End Open
No Flow Surfaces
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Different Boundary Conditions
Oil Recovery Curves
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
Time, min
Oil
Rec
over
y, %
Recovery_AFO
Recovery_TEO
Recovery_TEC
Recovery_OEO
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Different Boundary Conditions
Absolute Time for Imbibition as a Function of Faces Available for Imbibition
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Number of Open Faces
To
tal T
ime
of
Imb
ibit
ion
to
g
et C
ore
60%
Wat
er
Sat
ura
ted
, (m
in)
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Heterogeneities
K1
K2
K3
K4
One End Open
Case 1: K1 > K2 > K3 > K4
Case 2: K1 < K2 < K3 < K4
water
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Oil Recovery Curves
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
Time, min
Oil
Re
co
ve
ry, %
K1>K2>K3>K4
K1<K2<K3<K4
Heterogeneities
Presentation Outline
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
IntroductionProblem StatementBackground and Literature ReviewObjectives
Numerical ModelingGrid SensitivityMatching Experimental ResultsNumerical Analyses of Spontaneous Imbibition
Imbibition Upscaling
Conclusions
2
1
L
ktt
W
mD
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Spontaneous Imbibition UpscalingTheory
Recovery behavior for a large reservoir matrix block could be predicted from lab experiments
Mattax and Kyte
Ma et.al
OWg
n
i A
i
bc
ilA
VL
1
2
1
cg
mD
L
ktt
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
All Faces Open, Two Ends Closed, Two Ends Open and One End Open
Semi-log plot:Normalized Recovery vs. Dimensionless
Time
Spontaneous Imbibition Upscaling
R
RR imb
n
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0 100000.0
Dimensionless time, td
No
rmal
ized
Rec
ov
ery
AFO
TEC
TEO
OEO
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Spontaneous Imbibition UpscalingComparison
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0 100000.0 1000000.0
Dimensionless time, td
Nor
mal
ized
Rec
over
y
AFO
TEC
TEO
OEO
2
1
L
ktt
W
mD
2
1
cg
mD
L
ktt
AFO
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00 1000000.00
Dimensionless time, td
No
rma
lize
d R
ec
ov
ery
M=1.15
M=6.54
M=13.07
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Spontaneous Imbibition Upscaling
wro
orw
k
kM
*
*
Varying Mobility Ratio
2
1
cg
mD
L
ktt
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Spontaneous Imbibition UpscalingVarying Mobility Ratio
Mobility Ratio - not included
Need to include mobility ratio into the formulation of dimensionless time
*
*
**2 1
1
MML
ktt rorw
cD
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Spontaneous Imbibition UpscalingVarying Mobility Ratio
AFO
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Dimensionless time, td
No
rmal
ized
Rec
ove
ry
M=1.15
M=6.54M=13.07
TEO TEO
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Dimensionless time, tdNo
rmal
ized
Reco
very
M=1.15
M=6.54
M=13.07
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Spontaneous Imbibition Upscaling
TEO
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Dimensionless time, td
Nor
mal
ized
Rec
over
y
M=1.15
M=6.54
M=13.07
*
*
**2 1
1
MML
ktt rorw
cD
2
1
cg
mD
L
ktt
TEC
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Spontaneous Imbibition Upscaling
*
*
**2 1
1
MML
ktt rorw
cD
2
1
cg
mD
L
ktt
TEC
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00 1000000.00Dimensionless time, td
No
rmal
ized
Rec
ove
ry
M=1.15
M=6.54
M=13.07
TEC
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Dimensionless time, td
Nor
mal
ized
Rec
over
y
M=1.15
M=6.54
M=13.07
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Spontaneous Imbibition Upscaling
K1
K2
K3
K4
One End Open
Case 1: K1 > K2 > K3 > K4
Case 2: K1 < K2 < K3 < K4
water
Heterogeneous Core
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
OEO
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Dimensionless time,td
No
rmal
ized
Rec
ove
ry
K1>K2>K3>K4
K1<K2<K3<K4
Spontaneous Imbibition UpscalingHeterogeneous Core
Presentation Outline
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
IntroductionProblem StatementBackground and Literature ReviewObjectives
Numerical ModelingGrid SensitivityMatching Experimental ResultsNumerical Analyses of Spontaneous Imbibition
Imbibition Upscaling
Conclusions
Conclusions
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
It was observed that time required to saturate core to Sw=60% increases
exponentially as the number of faces available for imbibition decrease
Results proved that using characteristic length in the equation of dimensionless
time, instead of length of the core improves upscaling of spontaneous
imbibition
Conclusions
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Further investigation revealed that upscaling correlations could be
significantly improved by taking into account end-point mobilities and mobility
ratio
Spontaneous imbibition recovery is higher for a flow in the direction of decreasing
permeability than in the case of a flow in the direction of increasing permeability
Conclusions
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Some discrepancy observed in correlations, while upscaling heterogeneous core,
indicated that existing transfer functions can not precisely account for heterogeneities in
the core
Acknowledgement
February 2004Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Finally I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my advisor Dr. David Schechter and Dr. Erwin Putra.
Imbibition Assisted Recovery
Orkhan H PashayevPetroleum Engineering
DepartmentTexas A&M University
February 2004Masters Division
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