icm lecture

Open / Free LicensingMathias Klang

ATT-NC-SANO ENDORSEMENT AND NO DEROGATORY USE - The Digital Revolution material is provided to allow you to get creative with content, not for campaigning, fundraising or to defame others. Don’t use it for illegal, offensive or fundraising purposes.

AN INFRASTRUCTURE OF SHARING

WHERE THE TROUBLE BEGANOr the danger of good intentions…

WHEREAS PRINTERS, BOOKSELLERS, AND OTHER PERSONS, HAVE OF LATE FREQUENTLY TAKEN THE LIBERTY OF PRINTING, REPRINTING, AND PUBLISHING, OR CAUSING TO BE PRINTED, REPRINTED, AND PUBLISHED BOOKS, AND OTHER WRITINGS, WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE AUTHORS OR PROPRIETORS OF SUCH BOOKS AND WRITINGS, TO THEIR VERY GREAT DETRIMENT, AND TOO OFTEN TO THE RUIN OF THEM AND THEIR FAMILIES: FOR PREVENTING THEREFORE SUCH PRACTICES FOR THE FUTURE, AND FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEARNED MEN TO COMPOSE AND WRITE USEFUL BOOKS;

Statute of Anne 1710

LAGEN DEN 10 AUGUSTI 1877 OM ÄGANDERÄTT TILL SKRIFT

äganderätt till skrift: litterär äganderätt. Därmed menas rätt för en skrifts författare eller dennes rättsinnehafvare att, med andras uteslutande, låta genom tryck (äfven fotokemiskt) mångfaldiga sin skrift, ehvad den förut blifvit offentliggjord eller förefinnes endast i handskrift.

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THE ARCHDEACON GAZED AT THE GIGANTIC EDIFICE FOR SOME TIME IN SILENCE, THEN EXTENDING HIS RIGHT HAND, WITH A SIGH, TOWARDS THE PRINTED BOOK WHICH LAY OPEN ON THE TABLE, AND HIS LEFT TOWARDS NOTRE-DAME, AND TURNING A SAD GLANCE FROM THE BOOK TO THE CHURCH,--"ALAS," HE SAID, "THIS WILL KILL THAT."

The Hunchback of Notre Dame

ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNION

THE COUNTRIES TO WHICH THIS CONVENTION APPLIES CONSTITUTE A UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF AUTHORS IN THEIR LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS.

Berne Convention 1886

Det upphovsrättsliga systemet

Lag (1960) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk

UPPHOVSRÄTTEN

Ekonomisk rätt Ideell rätt

Exemplarframställning Tillgängliggörande

Spridningsrätt

Visningsrätt

Framföranderätt

Rätt tillnamnangivelse

Skydd för kränkandeändring

Skydd för kränkandeanvändning

Överföring till allmänheten

THE ROAD TO HELL IS PAVED WITH GOOD INTENTIONS

LIFE IS ORGANIZED AROUND TECHNOLOGY……and it always has been….

COPYING COST ZERO

WE HAVE ALTERNATIVES“Can this be happiness, this terrifying freedom?” Caligula (Albert Camus)

IF IT AINT BROKE – THEN DON’T FIX IT…IF IT IS BROKEN – THEN DON’T FIX IT…

Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix–

compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu’s Not Unix), and give it away free to everyone

who can use it.

September 1983

STALLMAN FORKED THE FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS OF CREATION AND PROVED EMPIRICALLY THAT SHARING WORKS

SO WHY IS IT THAT EVERYONE STILL CANNOT BELIEVE IT?

What does this mean?Free Infrastructure

“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To

understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in

“free speech,” not as in “free beer.”

COPYLEFTViral or Vaccination?

COPYLEFT IS NOT OPPOSITE OR ANTI-COPYRIGHT

Copyleft is a general method for making a program or other work free, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as well

WHY NOT JUST USE PUBLIC DOMAIN?

-- Public domain grants FULL freedom-- Including converting the program, after changes, into proprietary software.-- Including denying the same freedoms to others.

PROPRIETARY BUT FREE (NO COST?)SEMI FREE FREE

THE LICENSES

WHAT IS FREE?

0. The freedom to run the program, for any purpose. 1. The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (source code).

2. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. 3. The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public

(source code).

Open Source

• Solution to the freedom discussion?• Code available for…

– Studied– Changed– Improved

What makes an OS License?

• Open Source Definition – 10 requirements (Version 1.9)

• Approved by Open Source Initiative Board of Directors

• Use of the Open Source TM

1. Free Redistribution

• Not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software

• Not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.

2. Source Code

• The program must include source code• Must allow distribution in source code

– …or there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code

• Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed.

3. DERIVED WORKS

The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.

4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code

The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software.

5. NO DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PERSONS OR GROUPS

The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor

• The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor.

• For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.

7. DISTRIBUTION OF LICENSE

The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.

8. LICENSE MUST NOT BE SPECIFIC TO A PRODUCTThe rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's

being part of a particular software distribution.

9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software

• The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software.

• For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software.

10. LICENSE MUST BE TECHNOLOGY-NEUTRAL

72 OSI licensesMicrosoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL)MIT licenseMITRE Collaborative Virtual Workspace License (CVW License)Motosoto LicenseMozilla Public License 1.0 (MPL)Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL)Multics LicenseNASA Open Source Agreement 1.3NTP LicenseNaumen Public LicenseNethack General Public LicenseNokia Open Source LicenseNon-Profit Open Software License 3.0 (Non-Profit OSL 3.0)OCLC Research Public License 2.0Open Group Test Suite LicenseOpen Software License 3.0 (OSL 3.0)PHP LicensePython license (CNRI Python License)Python Software Foundation LicenseQt Public License (QPL)RealNetworks Public Source License V1.0Reciprocal Public LicenseReciprocal Public License 1.5 (RPL1.5)Ricoh Source Code Public LicenseSimple Public License 2.0Sleepycat LicenseSun Industry Standards Source License (SISSL)Sun Public LicenseSybase Open Watcom Public License 1.0University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source LicenseVovida Software License v. 1.0W3C LicensewxWindows Library LicenseX.Net LicenseZope Public Licensezlib/libpng license

Academic Free License 3.0 (AFL 3.0)Affero GNU Public LicenseAdaptive Public LicenseApache Software LicenseApache License, 2.0Apple Public Source LicenseArtistic licenseArtistic license 2.0Attribution Assurance LicensesNew and Simplified BSD licensesBoost Software License (BSL1.0)Computer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1Common Development and Distribution LicenseCommon Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL)Common Public License 1.0CUA Office Public License Version 1.0EU DataGrid Software LicenseEclipse Public LicenseEducational Community License, Version 2.0Eiffel Forum LicenseEiffel Forum License V2.0Entessa Public LicenseFair LicenseFrameworx LicenseGNU General Public License (GPL)GNU General Public License version 3.0 (GPLv3)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 3.0 (LGPLv3)Historical Permission Notice and DisclaimerIBM Public LicenseIntel Open Source LicenseISC LicenseJabber Open Source LicenseLucent Public License (Plan9)Lucent Public License Version 1.02Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)

Finding the right fit

GPL

• Linux kernel

• Ingres

• MySQL

• R

BSD, MIT, Apache

• FreeBSD

• Subversion

• Ruby on Rails

LGPL

• JBoss

• OpenOffice

GFDL

• Wikipedia

• Citizendium

MPL/GPL/LGPL

• Firefox

• Thunderbird

• Bugzilla

EPL

• Eclipse IDE and software projects

Types of Licenses• Academic Licenses (BSD)

– Originally from academic institutions– Freedom to the public even to close

• Reciprocal Licenses (GPL)– Free for any use– Licensees must offer same terms

• Standards Licenses– Standard software & documentation

• Content Licenses (AFL, OSL)– Copyrightable subject free for all– www.creativecommons.org

Categorization• Permissive Licenses

– BSD, MIT, Apache– allow free distribution, modifying, and license

change– similar to public domain software

• Persistent – LGPL– allows free distribution, modifying and license

change if bundled as a whole into new work; derivative works must be under LGPL or GPL

Categorization• Persistent and viral

– GNU GPL– allows free distribution and modifying but all bundled and

derivative works must be under GNU GPL• Persistent and viral source

– MPL, NPL– used by large firms like Sun, Nokia etc, much like GPL but allows

license change of binaries in favor of the original producer

GPL VERSION 1 JANUARY 1989 The four freedom

GPL VERSION 2 JUNE 1991 “LIBERTY OR DEATH”

Section 7. This section says that if somebody has restrictions imposed that prevent him or her from distributing GPL-covered software in a way that respects other users’ freedom (for example, if a legal ruling states that he or she can only distribute the software in binary form), he or she cannot distribute it at all.

GPL VERSION 3 JUNE 2007

TivoizationLaws prohibiting free software (DMCA or equivalent)Discriminatory patent deals

Content changes everything

THREE MAD IDEAS…

STALLMAN FORKED THE FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS OF CREATION AND PROVED EMPIRICALLY THAT SHARING WORKSSo why is it that everyone still cannot believe it?

CONVERGENCE OF HACKERS AND USERS… We are not marginal any more… actually we probably never were…

& DIGITAL GENERATION…

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

WWW

Facebook

YouTube

HISTORIK

Twitter

MySpace

NingLinkedin

Second Life

OPEN CONTENT LICENSING CC was not the first but it is now the most common

LAGEN DEN 10 AUGUSTI 1877 OM ÄGANDERÄTT TILL SKRIFT

äganderätt till skrift: litterär äganderätt. Därmed menas rätt för en skrifts författare eller dennes rättsinnehafvare att, med andras uteslutande, låta genom tryck (äfven fotokemiskt) mångfaldiga sin skrift, ehvad den förut blifvit offentliggjord eller förefinnes endast i handskrift.

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Det upphovsrättsliga systemet

Lag (1960) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk

UPPHOVSRÄTTEN

Ekonomisk rätt Ideell rätt

Exemplarframställning Tillgängliggörande

Spridningsrätt

Visningsrätt

Framföranderätt

Rätt tillnamnangivelse

Skydd för kränkandeändring

Skydd för kränkandeanvändning

Överföring till allmänheten

Konstnärliga verk

• Teater• Musik• Datorprogram• Film• Databaser• Konstverk

• Byggnader• Brukskonst• Kartor• Fotografiska verk• Litteratur

Utmärkande drag

• Skyddar formen men inte innehållet i ett verk

• Formen måste uppnå ”verkshöjd” för att skyddas av upphovsrättslagen

• Upphovsrätt kräver inga formaliteter

Skyddstid

• 70 år post mortem (dödsår + 71)• Anonyma verk - 70 är efter

publikation• Fotografier –

– foto bilder: 50 år – foto verk: 70 år

Vems upphovsrätt?

• Fastighetsägaren• Mathias Klang• Shepard Fairey• Anonyma

konstnärer

• Nätet

Vad är en kopia?

Donald Duck av Walt Disney Arne Anka av Charlie Christensen

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Form & Innehåll

Fountain - Duchamp (1917)

“The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act”

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

CC grundad!

1 mil. licenser

4.7 mil. CC licens verk!

20 mil.

History

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

90 mill!

50 mill! 130 mill!

http://creativecommons.org/about/history/

Licenssystem

Alternativ

Välj licens

Mer info

Japanska

Bulgarien

Finska

Vad skapas?

• License Deed - Human readable• The License - Lawyer readable• Metatext - Machine readable

Esperanto

Kastellanska

Colombia

Licens

Metatext

<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/se/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/2.5/se/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Sound" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type">klang i duschen</span> by <a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="http://www.digital-rights.net" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL">Klang</a> is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/se/">Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Dela Lika 2.5 Sverige License</a>.

SökGoogle - advanced

Yahoo - advanced

BILD

ER 1

7/11

36 668 176 images (23 000 per day)

76 991 Student & 9 400 Göteborg = 10 Student Göteborg

Stu

dent

s in

Pos

eido

n by

app

el

open content by appel & klang cc by nc sa

Criticism• Political - CC does not ensure ideological control

• Common Sense – its too complicated

• Pro-copyright position - CC not viable and undermines copyright by fooling users

• Anti-copyright – its broken! Don’t fix it.

• Confusion – do we need another license???

• Community – licenses do not create community (or lawyers are bad people)

http://flickr.com/photos/barackobamadotcom/sets/72157608716313371/

by Barack Obama

http://flickr.com/photos/barackobamadotcom/3008255125/in/set-72157608716313371/

Election Night Photos:

Alison Chiang

Dump your penfriend

Growth

Thank you!