hybrid securities
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Prof. Ian GiddyNew York University
Hybrid Securities
DBS Bank
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 2
The Agenda
What determines the optimal mix of debt and equity for a company?
How does altering the mix of debt and equity affect the value of a company?
What is the right kind of debt for a company?
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 3
Corporate Finance
CORPORATE FINANCEDECISONS
INVESTMENT RISK MGTFINANCING
CAPITAL
PORTFOLIO
M&ADEBT EQUITY
TOOLS
MEASUREMENT
FINANCING ALTERNATIVES AVAILABLE TO MAJOR CORPORATIONS
DEBT
EQUITY
Subsidized funds
Privateplacement
Publicoffering
Revolvingfacility
Term loan
Real estate
Leasing
Assetbacked
Unsecured
Domestic
Eurobond
Fixed
Floating
Longterm
Shortterm
US CP
Euro CP
Bank debt
MTN
Dollar
Non-dollar
ARPFRN
VRN
StraightHybrid
Callable
Index-linked
Convertible
With warrants
Restricted
Full rights
Private sale
Public offering
Domestic
International
Equity options
Stripped
Unstripped
Projectfinance
Bankdebt
Debt?Equity?What kind?
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 5
When Debt and Equity are Not Enough
Valueof future
cash flows
Claims onthe cash flows
Assets Liabilities
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 6
When Debt and Equity are Not Enough
Valueof future
cash flows
Contractual int. & principalNo upsideSenior claimsControl via restrictions
Assets LiabilitiesDebt
Residual paymentsUpside and downsideResidual claimsVoting control rights
Equity
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 7
When Debt and Equity are Not Enough
Valueof future
cash flows
Contractual int. & principalNo upsideSenior claimsControl via restrictions
Assets LiabilitiesDebt
Residual paymentsUpside and downsideResidual claimsVoting control rights
Equity
What if...
Claims are inadequate?
Returnsare inadequate?
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 8
When Debt and Equity are Not Enough
Valueof future
cash flows
Contractual int. & principalNo upsideSenior claimsControl via restrictions
Assets LiabilitiesDebt
Residual paymentsUpside and downsideResidual claimsVoting control rights
Equity
Alternatives Collateralized Asset-securitized Project financing
Preferred Warrants Convertible
Prof. Ian GiddyNew York University
Hybrid Financial Instruments
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 10
Managing Hybrid Securities
Principles of hybrid instruments Market imperfections as motives for
hybrids Hybrids in the Eurobond market:
Asset-backed securitiesWarrant bonds and convertiblesIndex-linked bonds
Application: callable bonds
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 11
A Day in the Lifeof the Eurobond Market
Examine the dealsWhy were each done in that particular
form?What determines the pricing?
Can you break the hybrids into their component parts?
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 12
Why Use a Hybrid?
Motivations for Hybrids
Linked to business risk
Linked to market risk
Cannot hedge with derivatives
Driven by investor needs
Company hedges
Company does not
hedge
Debt orequity are
Not good enough
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 13
A Day in the Life...
NEW INTER NA TIONAL BO ND ISSUESBo r rowe rBo r rowe r Am ou nt m .Am ou nt m . C ou pon %C ou pon % P r ic ePr ic e M a t ur ityM a t ur ity F ee sFee s Boo k ru nn erBoo k ru nn er
C elworks Trust 1990-1¶ (b) US $250 9 1/4 99.80 1998 1 7/8-1 5/8 C re dit Suisse
M ar ui Corp* US $500 (4 3/ 8) 100 1995 2 1/4-1 1/2 Nom ura
Holderbank ( a) US $150 9 3/4 101 1994 1 3/8- 1 C SF B
Battle M ountaingold US $100 7 1/2 100 2006 2 1/2-1 1/2 M er rill Lynch
SN CF F Fr750 9 1/4 98.55 1997 1 7/8-1 1/4 C C F
Viennische Stadtsba nk (a) L100bn 13 101 3/8 1994 1 3/8-7/8 BN L
Eurofim a (a ) P ta10bn 12 5/8 101 1/8 1996 1 5/8- 1 De utsche Bank
Ir ish Bldg Soc . (a ) ¥15bn 7.4 101 5/8 1995 1 5/8-1 1/8 IB J
Bank of M ontreal (c ) ¥2.8bn 7 1/4 101 1/8 1993 1 1/8-5/8 Nippon C re dit
¶F inal te rm s. *With equity war r ants. Private plac em ent. C onvertible. (a) Non-callable. (b) C allable at par af ter 5 year s. I f call notexe rcise d, bond pays 50bp over Libor in last year . (c) Rede mption linked to Nikkei stock index .
NEW INTER NA TIONAL BO ND ISSUESBo r rowe rBo r rowe r Am ou nt m .Am ou nt m . C ou pon %C ou pon % P r ic ePr ic e M a t ur ityM a t ur ity F ee sFee s Boo k ru nn erBoo k ru nn er
C elworks Trust 1990-1¶ (b) US $250 9 1/4 99.80 1998 1 7/8-1 5/8 C re dit Suisse
M ar ui Corp* US $500 (4 3/ 8) 100 1995 2 1/4-1 1/2 Nom ura
Holderbank ( a) US $150 9 3/4 101 1994 1 3/8- 1 C SF B
Battle M ountaingold US $100 7 1/2 100 2006 2 1/2-1 1/2 M er rill Lynch
SN CF F Fr750 9 1/4 98.55 1997 1 7/8-1 1/4 C C F
Viennische Stadtsba nk (a) L100bn 13 101 3/8 1994 1 3/8-7/8 BN L
Eurofim a (a ) P ta10bn 12 5/8 101 1/8 1996 1 5/8- 1 De utsche Bank
Ir ish Bldg Soc . (a ) ¥15bn 7.4 101 5/8 1995 1 5/8-1 1/8 IB J
Bank of M ontreal (c ) ¥2.8bn 7 1/4 101 1/8 1993 1 1/8-5/8 Nippon C re dit
¶F inal te rm s. *With equity war r ants. Private plac em ent. C onvertible. (a) Non-callable. (b) C allable at par af ter 5 year s. I f call notexe rcise d, bond pays 50bp over Libor in last year . (c) Rede mption linked to Nikkei stock index .
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 14
Equity-Linked Eurobonds
Eurobonds with warrantsMarui
Convertible EurobondsBattle Mountaingold
Index-linked EurobondsBank of Montreal
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 15
Warrants
TheoreticalValue
Market ValueMarket Premium
ValueofWarrant
($)
0 Price Per Share of Common Stock ($)
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 16
Convertibles
ConversionValue
StraightBond Value
Market ValueMarket Premium
ValueofConvertibleBond
($) 0Price Per Share of Common Stock
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 17
Nikkei-Linked
28,00019,000
PRINCIPALREPAYMENT
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 18
Bank of Montreal Nikkei-Linked Note
Bank of Montreal
Japanese insurance companies
US pension fund with Japan
portfolio
Bankers Trust Nippon Credit
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 19
Structured Notes
Bundling and unbundling basic instruments Exploiting market imperfections (sometimes
temporary) Creating value added for investor and issuer
by tailoring securities to their particular needs
Key: For the innovation to work, it must provide value added to both issuer and investor.
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 20
Medium-Term Notes:Anatomy of a Deal
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 21
Anatomy of a Deal
Issuer:Looking for large amounts of floating-rate
USD and DEM funding for its loan porfolio.Wants low-cost funds: target CP-.10Is not too concerned about specific timing
of issue, amount or maturityIs willing to consider hybrid structures.
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 22
Anatomy of a Deal
Investor:Has distinctive preference for high grade
investmentsLooking for investments that will improve
portfolio returns relative to relevant indexesInvests in both floating rate and fixed rate
sterling and dollar securitiesCan buy options to hedge portfolio but
cannot sell options
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 23
Anatomy of a Deal
Intermediary:Has experience and technical and legal
background in structure financeHas active swap and option trading and
positioning capabilitiesHas clients looking for caps and other
forms of interest rate protection.
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 24
The Deal
1 Initiate medium term note programme for the borrower, allowing for a variety of currencies, maturities and special structures
2 Structuring a MTN in such a way as to meet the investor’s needs and constraints
3 Line up all potential counterparties and negociate numbers acceptable to all sides
4 Upon issuer’s and investor’s approval, place the securities
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 25
The Deal / 2
5 For the issuer, swap and strip the issue into the form of funding that he requires
6 Offer a degree of liquidity to the issuer by standing willing to buy back the securities at a later date.
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 26
The Issue
Issuer: Deutsche Bank AG Amount: US$ 40 Million Coupon:
First three years: semi-annualLIBOR + 3/8% p.a., paid semi-annuallyLast 5 years: 8.35%
Price: 100 Maturity: February 10, 2000 Call: Issuer may redeem the notes in full at par on
February 10, 1995 Fees: 30 bp Arranger: Credit Swiss First Boston
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 31
The Deal in Detail
SCOTTISHLIFE
CSFB
DEUTSCHE Deutsche sells 3-year
floating rate note paying LIBOR - 3/8%
For an additional 3/4% p.a., Deutsche buys three-year put option on 5-
year fixed-rate 8.35% note to SL in 3 years
For 1% p.a., Deutsche sells CSFB a swaption (the right to pay fixed 8.35% for 5 years in 3 years)
CLIENT CSFB sells the swaption to a
corporate client seeking to hedge its funding cost against a rate rise
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 32
What’s Really Going On?
Note: Issuer has agreed to pay an above-market
rate on both the floating rate note and the fixed rate bond segment of the issue FRN portion: .75 % above normal cost Fixed portion: .50% above normal cost
Issuer has in effect purchased the right to pay a fixed rate of 8.35% on a five-year bond to be issued in three years time.
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 33
Option Pricing
94.5
Option Price= Intrinsic value + Time value
Option Price
UnderlyingPrice
94.75
Time value depends on Time Volatility Distance from the strike price
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 34
Option Pricing Model
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
93 93 94 94 95 95 96 96FUTURES PRICE
CA
LL O
PTI
ON
PR
ICE
ENTER THESE DATA:=================
-> FUTURES PRICE 94.75-> STRIKE PRICE 94.5-> TIME IN DAYS 300-> INTEREST RATE 7-> STD DEVIATION 15
CALL PRICE IS......... 0.40PUT PRICE IS....... 0.17
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 35
Value of Call Option
INTRINSIC VALUE TIME VALUE
EXPECTED VALUE OF PROFITGIVEN EXERCISE
STRIKE
FUTURESPRICE
SHADED AREA:Probability distribution of
the log of the futures price on the expiration date for values above the strike.
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 36
Black-Scholes Option Valuation
Co = SoN(d1) - Xe-rTN(d2)
d1 = [ln(So/X) + (r + 2/2)T] / (T1/2)
d2 = d1 - (T1/2)
whereCo = Current call option value.
So = Current stock price
N(d) = probability that a random draw from a normal distribution will be less than d.
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 37
Breaking Down a Convertible: Unisys
At the end of 1992, Unisys had a convertible bond, coming due in 2000, which was trading at $1400. It also had straight bonds, with the same maturity, trading in December 1992 at a yield of 8.4%. What’s the straight bond component
worth?What’s the convertible option worth?
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 38
Breaking Down a Convertible: Unisys
Coupon rate on Convertible Bond = 8.25%Market Interest Rate on Straight Bond of same Risk = 8.40%Price of Convertible Bond = 1400Maturity of Convertible Bond = 8
Value of Straight Bond Portion = 991.51$ Value of Conversion Option = 408.49$
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 39
Motivations for Issuing Hybrid Bonds
Company has a view There are constraints on what the
company can issue The company can arbitrage to save
money Always ask: given my goal, is there an
alternative way of achieving the same effect (e.g., using derivatives?)
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 40
Economics of Financial Innovation
Certain kinds of market imperfections allow hybrids to flourish
But innovation are readily copied; so only certain kinds of firm can profit from innovations.
There is a product cycle and profitability cycle of innovations.
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 41
What Conditions Permit Hybrids to Thrive?
Government Rules and RegulationsExample: Japan Air Lines Yen-linked Eurobond
Tax DistortionsExample: Money Market Preferred
Constraint on Issuers or InvestorsExample: Nikkei-Linked Eurobond
Segmentation-Driven InnovationExample: Collateralized Mortgage Obligations
(CMOs)
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 42
Why Innovations Fail
The rationale evaporates It’s too costly It’s New Coke
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 46
Case Study:Banpu Convertible
How did this work? Why did Banpu use this technique? Why did investors buy it?
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 47
Banpu Convertible
Huh?
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 48
Thai Time
1994 1997 1999 2004
Copyright ©2000 Ian H. Giddy Hybrid Securities 49
www.giddy.org
Ian GiddyNYU Stern School of BusinessTel 212-998-0332; Fax 212-995-4233ian.giddy@nyu.eduhttp://www.giddy.org
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