human geography ap review

Human Geography AP ReviewImportant Concepts and People – Part 3

Agriculture – Von Thünen

Farm/Village Structure

• Metes & Bound– Colonial English

system

• Rectangular Survey– Township & Range

• Longlot– French colonial system

Economic Geography: Alfred Weber

• Theory on the Location of Industries, 1909– German economist

• Each manufacturing plant has to ship resources to the plant and finished goods to the market– Theoretically, there must

be a point in space at which these transport costs will be minimized

Harold Hotelling, 1929• Locational Interdependence

• Ice cream vendors on beach– At first at opposite sides of beach– Eventually, next to each other

• Can’t understand location without looking at competitors

August Lösch, 1940

• One problem with Weber’s model is it ignores the cost and availability of labor

• The Spatial Margin of Profitability model looks at total costs and total revenues at a variety of locations

• Result: A range of points at which profits can be maximized

Walt Whitman Rostow

1) Traditional SocietyLimited Technology; Static Society

2) Preconditions for TakeoffExtractive Export Industries

3) TakeoffDevelopment of Manufacturing

4) Drive to MaturityWider industrial/commercial base

5) High Mass ConsumptionShift to service sector, domestic consumption

Modernization Model :Stairway to Development

Critiques:

Does not account for “roadblocks” and colonial legacies

Piore & Sabel, 1984Piore & SabelThe Second Industrial Divide

• Post-Fordism– Flexible Specialization– Just-in-Time Production– Vertical Disintegration

Harrison & BluestoneDeindustrializaion

• Companies address problems by reducing workforce and closing factories

• Industrial Midwest is targeted– High union activity– Resistance to change

The Rustbelt

The Sunbelt

Ann Markusen: The Gunbelt

Urban: Rank-Size Rule

• Ideal urban system

• Population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

• 1/R x Population of Largest City• R = rank

Walter Christaller (1933)• Central Place Theory• Assumptions

– Featureless (isotropic) plain– Evenly distributed population/resources– Consumers have similar means/tastes

• Hierarchy of goods– Range of a good

• How far one is willing to travel– Threshold of a good

• How much population you need to support production

Marketing Principlek=3

Ernest Burgess, 1925

• Attempt to explain social groupings within urban areas

• Location would be determined largely by distance from the center

• Concentric Zone Model

Homer Hoyt, 1939• Some criticisms of Burgess

model

• Actual US cities have more variation– Poor along rail lines– Commercial uses along major

streets

• Sector Model– Wedge-shaped pattern

Harris & Ullman, 1945

• Cities can have more than one center or nucleus

• Suburbs are becoming parts of city

• Areas grouped by function

Latin American Cities

• Griffin-Ford Model

• Disamenity Sectors

• Spine; Elite residences

Harvey Molotch (1976)

• City as Growth Machine– City elites concerned with growth over

development– Other needs are sacrificed to growth

• Growth good for elites, but not necessarily for everyone– Land values rise– Newcomers displace natives

New Urbanism

• Walkability

• Mixed Use

• Neighborhood Structure

• Smart Transit

• Sustainability