human factors & motivation

Human Factors &

Motivation

What is Managing?What is Managing?

Managing requires the creation and maintenance of an environment in which individuals work together in groups toward the accomplishment

of common objectives

Importance of Personal Importance of Personal DignityDignity

The concept of individual dignity means that people must be treated with respect, no matter what their position in the organization

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?

GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?

GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?

GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

WHAT MAKES THE DIFFERENCE?

WHAT IS MOTIVATION?

What is Motivation?What is Motivation?

• Derived from Latin word, ‘movere’, meaning “to move”.• Motivation is a general term

applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and similar forces

MOTIVATION IS……..Why

WE DO SOMETHING AND DON’T DO OTHERS

•SOME THINGS IN LIFE ARE PURE BLACK AND WHITE.

•MOST THINGS IN LIFE ARE IN VARIOUS SHADES OF GREY!!

MAJOR TYPES OF MOTIVATION THEORIESMAJOR TYPES OF MOTIVATION THEORIES

• CONTENT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

• PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

CONTENT THEORIES OF MOTIVATIONCONTENT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

• Views motivation a result if INTERNAL DRIVES that force an individual to take ACTION.

• Focuses on INNER FACTORS that boost and direct behavior.

MAJOR CONTENT THEORIESMAJOR CONTENT THEORIES

• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.

• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory

• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene Theory

• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

The Hierarchy of Needs TheoryThe Hierarchy of Needs Theory

• Maslow concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: FOODPHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: FOOD

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: SHELTERPHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: SHELTER

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: CLOTHINGPHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: CLOTHING

SECURITY NEEDSECURITY NEED

BELONGING NEEDBELONGING NEED

ESTEEM NEEDESTEEM NEED

SELF ACTUALIZATION NEEDSELF ACTUALIZATION NEED

MASLOWS HEIRACHY THEORY OF NEEDSIndividuals needs live within a hierarchy of physiological needs.

Physiological needs are necessity factors for SURVIVAL.

Lower level needs like security and physiological needs required to be met before upper level needs.

MAJOR CONTENT THEORIESMAJOR CONTENT THEORIES

• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.

• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory

• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene Theory

• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

Alderfer's ERG TheoryAlderfer's ERG Theory

• ERG theory has three categories: existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs

ALDERFER’S ERG THEORYClassification into 3 groups.

ExistenceRelatednessGrowth

Does not suggest that lower level needs are to be met COMPLETELY in order for upper levels to become MOTIVATIONAL.

MASLOW TO ALDERFER

MAJOR CONTENT THEORIESMAJOR CONTENT THEORIES

• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.

• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory

• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene Theory

• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

Theory X and Theory YTheory X and Theory Y

• Theory X and Theory Y : Assumptions about the nature of people Example of Theory X– Average human beings have an inherent

dislike of work and will avoid it if they can

• Example of Theory Y– The expenditure of physical effort and mental

effort in work is as natural as play or rest

Theory X and Theory YTheory X and Theory Y

Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene ‑Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene ‑TheoryTheory

• According to Herzberg, dissatisfiers are not motivators. They are also called maintenance, hygiene, or job context factors

• Satisfiers are motivators – related to job content

HERZBERGS HYGEINE THEORY

HERZBERGS HYGEINE THEORY

HERZBERGS HYGEINE THEORY

The satisfiers and dissatisfiers identified by Herzberg are similar to the factors suggested by Maslow.

MAJOR CONTENT THEORIESMAJOR CONTENT THEORIES

• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.

• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory

• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene Theory

• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

McClelland's Needs Theory of MotivationMcClelland's Needs Theory of Motivation

•McClelland’s types of motivating needs are:

NEED FOR POWERNEED FOR POWER

NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENTNEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT

PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATIONPROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

• Aimed at determining how behavior starts, is directed and maintained..

• Focuses on human decision process as an explanation for behavior.

MAJOR PROCESS THEORIESMAJOR PROCESS THEORIES

• EXPECTANCY Theory• EQUITY Theory• GOAL SETTING Theory• REINFORCEMENT Theory

The Expectancy Theory of MotivationThe Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Vroom holds that people will be motivated to do things to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of that goal and if they can see that what they do will help them in achieving it

VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORYIndividuals choose work behaviour that they believe would lead to an OUTCOME

which they VALUE.

Force = Valence x Force = Valence x ExpectancyExpectancy

Force = Valence x ExpectancyForce = Valence x Expectancy

• Force is the strength of a person's motivation.• Valence is the strength of an individual's

preference for an outcome.• Expectancy is the probability that a particular

action will lead to a desired outcome

VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORYVALENCE= The extent of attractiveness

or unattractiveness of EXPECTED outcomes

EXPECTANCY= The degree of effort .

MAJOR PROCESS THEORIESMAJOR PROCESS THEORIES

• EXPECTANCY Theory• EQUITY Theory• GOAL SETTING Theory• REINFORCEMENT Theory

VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

MAJOR PROCESS THEORIESMAJOR PROCESS THEORIES

• EXPECTANCY Theory• EQUITY Theory• GOAL SETTING Theory• REINFORCEMENT Theory

Equity TheoryEquity Theory

• Equity theory refers to an individual's subjective judgments about the fairness of the reward she or he got, relative to the inputs in comparison with the rewards of others

• Outcomes by a person Outcomes by another person

------------------------------ = -----------------------------• Inputs by a person Inputs by another

person

EQUITY THEORYEQUITY THEORY

EQUITY THEORYEQUITY THEORY

MAJOR PROCESS THEORIESMAJOR PROCESS THEORIES

• EXPECTANCY Theory• EQUITY Theory• GOAL SETTING Theory• REINFORCEMENT Theory

The Porter and Lawler Motivation ModelThe Porter and Lawler Motivation Model

Skinner’s Reinforcement TheorySkinner’s Reinforcement Theory

• Positive reinforcement or behavior modification, holds that individuals can be motivated by proper design of their work environment and praise for their performance and that punishment for poor performance produces negative results

Job enlargement & Job EnrichmentJob Enrichment

• Job enlargement means enlarging the scope of the job by adding similar tasks without enhancing responsibility

• Job enrichment attempts to build into jobs a higher sense of challenge and achievement

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