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8/22/2019 How International Law Standards Pervade Discourse on the Use of Armed Force. Insights into European and US N
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H I L S PD U A FInsights into European and US Newspaper Debates between
1990 and 2005
Sj R
No. 13 | May 2010
Working Paper
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KFG Working Paper Series
Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T T P E
T KFG W P S Kolleg-Forschergruppe b
b b b. I x b x b
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R, Sj 2010: H I L S P D U A F: I
E US N Db b 1990 2005, KFG W P S, N. 13, M 2010, K-
F (KFG) T T P E, F U B.
ISSN 1868-6834 (P)
ISSN 1868-7601 (I)
T b b b G R F (DFG).
F U B
K-F
T T P E:
T E U D I
I. 26
14195 B
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P: +49 (0)30- 838 57033
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How International Law Standards Pervade Discourse on the Use of Armed Force| 3
How International Law Standards Pervade Discourse
on the Use of Armed Force
Insights into European and US Newspaper Debates between 1990
and 2005
Sj R
F U B
A
F , b
(IR) z. Y, b q. IR
b b
. T . I
z bb b b ,
b
b b. T E US b
-C W (1990-2005). B - ,
E US b . I
U N (UN) b
x z.
T Ar
Sj R b R C T
T P E,
. S C
T R, F S P FU B,
PD 2009. C: @z.-b.
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Contents
1. I 5
2. A R V Lz 7
2.1 Legimacy and IR Legalizaon Research 7
2.2 Media as Sengs for Public Legimacy Assessments of Law 7
2.3 Case Selecon, Data, and Methods 9
3. F U F 10
3.1 The Visibility of Internaonal Law in European and US Media 10
3.2 A Transnaonal Public Legimacy of Law in Media Debates? 14
4. C R 17
L 19
Ax 21
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1. I1
F , x (H/O
2006). Y, b - . F , IR
z () . I b
b, , (Abb . 2000;
Abb 2000; G . 2000; G/M 2000; K . 2000; Lz/S 2000;
S 2000).2 A IR
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b , b . Ex
x Iq 2003
(Ab/B-E 2005; M/Z 2006 W . 2008),
x . I , legimacy zz b IR z .
H,
b , .. x,
b b , , b b ,
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1996, 1988; F/T 2001: 748-50; H 1999: 387-389). Rz b
b b
z (F/T 2001).
B , IR .
I b . T E US
b b x, b
b W , ,
b across . B ,
,
1 T x b b x. I
b F U
B b T R C K. F , I G
R F [ b 178,765; 537,815] E C Sx F
P RECON [R D E, I
Pj, b CIT4-CT-2006-028698]. M Fz F
F A Z. A, b
K-F (KFG) T T P E, F U B.
T KFG b G R F (DFG) b
EU x . F ..
.
2 F , z, b M/Z (2005)
Z/Z (2004) , b C (2004); J (2004); L
(2004); Lb (2004) Ob (2004).3 T , , x b b
, .. Ab/B-E (2005); M/Z (2006), W . (2008).
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6 | KFGWorking Paper No. 13| May 2010
, (F 2003). T
: S b
b . T
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b b ,
q, b b. G b
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b
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b z (F/T 2001: 743). I
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b 103,000 . I , 3.1 visibility b
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z W b . F, j
z .
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2. A R V Lz
2.1 Legimacy and IR Legalizaon Research
A , Abb . (2000) z z z b : T b
b (Abb . 2000: 401, 408-412). T
b x
bj z (Abb . 2000:
401, 412-415). F, b
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b:
T j
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b b z ,
b . Y,
b . A, b
b b (F 1990)
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- . O
b x ,
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(Hb 1996). A, .
H, x b
IR z . Y, b
W ?
2.2 Media as Sengs for Public Legimacy Assessments of Law
T Hb (1996, 1988) b,
b b z . A,
, b
- b b. O Hb x
b -
(Hb 1996: 153, 161, 172, 216, 228).
D b x
(Hb 1996: 172). D
- j . Y,
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z x (Hb
1996: 115, 161). A b b
; b
, (Hb 1996; 1988). I b
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b . Y,
b b . D j b
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.
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2.3 Case Selecon, Data, and Methods
T x x b b
b . T
b b b . T
, z , b b b
b . F , I U
S E U K, G, I, N,
F. T b, I b
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b. I x. I
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2005. I , b 103,000 . I b,
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, Tb 1 Ax.
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3. F U F
3.1 The Visibility of Internaonal Law in European and US Media
T , , j b
W b. B , E US
, I x
b , b b
b. I , I x b
b (M . 1997).
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b b b b b (P
. 2003: 307). I , b ,
j . Vb b . T
q b b
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b
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B, S H
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1990 2005. M , Tb 2 b E US
b b
b 2001 2005.7 A
5 T b G (1992) x q
b; b.
6 Guardian, 25 J 1992.
7 T b q b -
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49 ( b q). 8 T
I L b
W b , z . Ab
b
.
Table 2: Mean Table Displaying Descripve Stascs for Law Framing in Countries, 1990 to 2005
N: - b b ; F=F, GER=G,
IRL=I, NL= N; UK=U K, US=U S.
T x b , I z
x. I , . Nx
, ,
. A q . O
b . O
x , 1990 2005,
.
8 M , Tb 2 b x ,
. T b
3,309 E US . F , - - q -
.
`90 `91 `92 `93 `94 `95 `96 `97 `98 `99 `00 `01 `02 `03 `04 `05 Total
F Mean 0.56 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.36 0.38 0.58 0.51 0.44 0.38 0.70 0.72 0.52 0.06 0.57
Std.Dev. 0.51 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.46 0.45 0.51 0.24 0.50
N Main Issue 17 9 31 40 24 15 10 15 47 44 15 52 75 114 22 17 548
GER Mean - 0.00 0.36 0.40 0.35 0.45 0.37 0.43 0.54 0.35 0.46 0.20 0.62 0.45 0.44 0.33 0.42
Std.Dev. - 0.00 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.41 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.48 0.49
N - 2 13 72 40 45 22 19 50 68 12 50 60 88 25 25 591
IRL Mean - - 0.64 0.52 0.43 0.19 0.64 0.36 0.59 0.46 0.33 0.31 0.76 0.63 0.47 0.25 0.55
Std.Dev. - - 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.40 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.59 0.48 0.43 0.49 0.52 0.47 0.50
N - - 20 21 19 15 13 10 41 24 3 15 39 81 14 7 322
NL Mean 0.67 0.70 0.43 0.56 0.46 0.42 0.27 0.86 0.63 0.52 0.50 0.33 0.58 0.70 0.57 0.43 0.55
Std.Dev. 0.49 0.47 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.45 0.36 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.48 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.51 0.50
N 12 20 42 36 26 39 31 14 100 67 16 49 98 81 43 14 689
UK Mean 0.45 0.55 0.54 0.65 0.50 0.44 0.30 0.28 0.51 0.34 0.20 0.06 0.53 0.49 0.43 0.50 0.47
Std.Dev. 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.51 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.48 0.42 0.24 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.50
N 50 42 70 49 49 26 10 17 41 45 10 31 67 76 28 19 630
US Mean 0.35 0.48 0.44 0.42 0.50 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.09 0.46 0.42 0.17 0.25 0.39
Std.Dev. 0.48 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.29 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.45 0.49
N 54 44 50 57 40 15 20 7 34 26 8 23 54 69 18 12 529
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b b . I q, b , ,
b ( F 1 x). L
--b, x x
b . Pb
b E US . L
b . T
b ,
.9 A,
b . B b E
US ?
T x b , b-,
b , .. (jus ad bellum)
UN C. T b b . U, b .
I - , b b b
q . T
UN C
(1) b 10, (2)
11, (3) 12, (4) UN S C
z 13, , (5) -
14. C,
; , b b?
A b, .
F, b . S, ,
. L ,
q b b. T b
F 2
. W I L,
q UN
b , .
T -b , F 2 q z, . T , b
-, . O x
,
b F 2 .
9 O , G (1988: 165) b ,
.
10 C. A 2(4).
11 C. A 2(1) 2(7).
12 C. A 1(3), 13(1b), 55(), 62(2).
13 C. A 39 42.
14 C. A 51.
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Figure 2: Specic Law Framing in Naonal Debates
B b , , ..
UN z . T q
UN b
E US b?
100%
France Germany Ireland Netherlands
NO SPEC. 17
NO SPEC. 54
NO SPEC. 62
UN. 22,3
HUM. 10,3HUM. 11,5
HUM. 18,6
HUM. 11,1HUM. 9,6
HUM. 12,1
SOV. 7,1SOV. 3,2
SOV. 1,9
SOV. 12,0
SOV. 2,6SOV. 2,1
DEF. 2,1DEF. 1,7
DEF. 7,1
DEF. 3,1DEF. 3,5DEF. 1,3
BAN. 0,9BAN. 2,1BAN. 5,4
BAN. 1,5BAN. 3,5BAN. 3,3
UN. 28,3
UN. 39.6
UN. 36,4UN. 24,3
UN. 35,1
NO SPEC. 46
NO SPEC. 56
NO SPEC. 41
UK US
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
N: T -
. A b- . E b- b
( ). I , , b - .
P x b
(=3,309). T UN UN
, HUM ; SOV , DEF
- , BAN
b . A b
b (NO SPECIFICATION).
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3.2 A Transnaonal Public Legimacy of Law in Media Debates?
I b , b
b . S
b . I , b b b
q b . I ,
; b b
b b UN z. A b,
b b
. I b . I
b I
, , , :
-b
,
I L (F 2005). I
(GDP),
, q
.15 T b b
(, ) x b (
-) b b . I x
, I q b
3,309 , . T
z Tb 3.
15 A b S 10.0.
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Table 3: Inuences on the Frequency of Law Language in Media Reporng on Intervenons,
1990 to 200516
Explanatory Variables Model (1)
Law Generally
Coeff. S.E.
Model (2)
Human Rights
Coeff. S.E.
Model (3)
United Nations
Coeff. S.E.
Location
France ref ref ref
Germany -0.912+ 0.522 ns ns
Ireland ns ns ns
Netherlands 1.945* 0.845 0.931** 0.299 ns
United Kingdom ns ns ns
United States ns ns -1.135* 0.564
Temporal Effects
1990 ns ns ns
1991 ns 0.459+ 0.267 ns
1992 1.453* 0.639 1.230*** 0.318 ns
1993 1.629** 0.579 0.972** 0.291 1.043** 0.3761994 ns 0.369* 0.173 0.519+ 0.311
1995 ref ref ref
1996 .884* -0.369 ns ns
1997 ns ns ns
1998 2.589*** 0.584 0.765** 0.230 2.186*** 0.436
1999 1.559* 0.685 1.447** 0.499 1.041* 0.474
2000 ns ns ns
2001 ns ns ns
2002 3.761*** 0.969 ns 3.264*** 0.779
2003 5.256*** 1.451 0.649* 0.277 4.186*** 1.155
2004 ns ns ns
2005 .858* 0.420 ns ns
Economic ControlsGrowth rate GDP ns -0.096* 0.037 ns
Rate Inflation 0.319+ 0.183 ns ns
Rate Unemployment ns ns ns
Number of observations16 550 547 548
R 0.246 0.204 0.246
N: +=
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b q). T b
E US . O x , ,
. M (1), b, M (2),
b b , D b
q , F . A
US b b UN
; E , , b b. A
D q
, b b
. T
US b E .
T , Tb 3 , x
(F 2005), . T GDP b (-0.096) ,
. T
b
b .
Y, b b b
.17 U , b x .
T R b (
b q).18 A Tb 3, b
. T b
1993, 1998, 1999, 2003. 2003, Iq W
b, b b b
UN z . I , b
b (1995). Db b
B x 1999 NATO K. I ,
b b,
x, ..
.
W b b . M j, , , q
, b x b
. I b
, ..
17 I z , I . T
q b, 1995
b .
18 T b b x,
b b . F , R2 7.3 . T b, b 24.6
, .
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b - . T b
G T T . I
b . W b b
, 2003 Iq W,19
. W, ,
b , , , A b A,20
. T . A b, b
W b
; ,
b . F (-)
b b
b bz .
4. C Rk
T z W
b, IR z. W
b
x , b, .
T q b
b b W
E US. T b IR x z
q . L b
. G b
b, b
b . T x b , b
b x b. N
b . T b
b
. N b , b
.
T x
. T b z.
W b US, UK, N, F, I, G
-C W ,
19 S G M F U S C S P (2003, b) A .
(2003).
20 S N (2008) G A b (2002-2008) US -
A.
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. O , - -, ,
. F, q
(.. UN S C
) (.. ). B
b . A - US
b UN E b -
W b
. T
b W . T
the
b and .
T b. F, x x
W . G x,
zb W . Y, I b
W , ,
b b. I ,
x b . F x
b z b W b I
C, . T W
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x
. T , , . I j x x bj
,
E-US .
T , b b
z. I z
b, b x , z
bb b W . T
- b
. T b
x b
.
-
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Wessler, Hartmut/Peters, Bernhard/Brueggemann Michael/Kleinenvon Koenigsloew, Katharina/Sit,
Stefanie 2008: Tz Pb S, B.
Wiener, Antje 2006: C: F A? A C C N b--
Cx, : J E Pb P 13/8, 1308-1313.
Zangl, Berhard/Zuern, Michael2004 (.): V B Gb G?, B.
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How International Law Standards Pervade Discourse on the Use of Armed Force| 21
Ax
Table 1: Overview of Newspapers and Time Periods of Analysis
Country Newspaper Orientation Electronic
Availability
Missing Time Periods
France Le Monde L 02/01/1990 till
31/12/2005
No missing
years/months
Les Echos
Le Figaro
C 05/01/1993 till
30/12/1996
09/01/1997 till
31/12/2005
1990; 1991; 1992
1992; 01 till
04/01/1993
Germany Sueddeutsche
Zeitung
L 11/02/1991 till
31/12/2005
1990; 01/01/1991 till
10/02/1991
Frankfurter
Allgemeine
Zeitung
C 02/01/1993 till
31/12/2005
1990; 1991
Ireland Irish Times L 01/06/1992 till
31/12/2005
1990; 1991; 01/01/1992
till 30/05/1992
The
Netherlands
De Volkskrant L 02/01/1995 till
31/12/2005
1990; 1991; 1992;
1993; 1994
NRC
Handelsblad
C 08/01/1990 till
31/12/2005
01 till 06/01/1990
United
Kingdom
The Guardian L 01/01/1990 till
31/12/2005
No missing
years/months
The Times C 01/01/1990 till
31/12/2005
No missing
years/months
United States New York
Times
L 01/01/1990 till
31/12/2005
No missing
years/months
Washington
Post
C 01/01/1990 till
31/12/2005
No missing
years/months
N: L=b ; C= .
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22 | KFGWorking Paper No. 13| May 2010
Figure 1: Frequency Distribuon of Frames in Intervenon Debate
250
200
150
100
Date
AbsoluteCo
unts
50
0
IL
IDEN
UP
INT
N: S b
(=3,309 ). E ,
(I L=IL, I=IDEN, I=INT, U P=UP).
90Q1
91Q1
92Q1
93Q1
94Q1
95Q1
96Q1
97Q1
98Q1
99Q1
00Q1
01Q1
02Q1
03Q1
04Q1
05Q1
-
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T K-F - E A Ex
I R
T K-F (KFG) -
b G R F 2008. I -
KFG
b b b j .
T K-F T T P E
b E B-B-
b z -
. I x EU -
, z
x :
I Pb S
C, C B
C R E Ex R
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