host plant resistance in the rice and sorghum

WELCOME TERM PAPER ON

“ROLE OF WILD RELATIVES IN HOST PLANT RESISTANCE”

SSNAIKM.SC.ENTOMOLOGYTNAU,COIMBATORE

1.RICE 2.SORGHUM

1.RICE (Oryza sativa ) 2n = 24

Rice is the world’s most important food crop. It is grown in more than 100 countries of the world. Origin: S.E. Asia It is grown in humid tropical and subtropical climate 90 per cent of the rice is produced and consumed in

S.E. Asia Rice producing countries are China, India, Japan,

Korea ,Pakistan, Bangladesh and other S.E. Asian countries.

1.INTRODUCTION

(De Datta, 1990)

Sorghum is one of the most important food crops in a semi – arid tropics.

Origin: S.E. Africa A number of land races, wild forms found in S.E. Africa,

says the origin Ethiopia in Africa from there it spread to other parts of world.

It is grown in Africa, south and central India, China, Argentina, Australia and south and central plains

of US.

2.SORGHUM(Sorghum bicolor ) 2n = 2x = 20

(Garber,1950 )

1.ROLE OF WILD VARITIES IN HOST

PLANT RESISTANCE - RICE

1.Oryza nivara A.Introduction:

O. nivara is the most common and widely distributed wild rice species.

Genus Oryza include 20 wild species. Out of these two are cultivated diploids viz. O.sativa and O.glaberrima and rest are wild species which include both diploid and tetraploid forms.

(Hemachandra et al ., 2010)

(Pingali et al., 1990)

WILD RELATIVES……….

Botanical name

Chromosome no.Genome number

Origin

(Yuan, et al ., 1994)

Wild Relatives -- Resistnace to Abiotic and Biotic factors

In Sri Lanka nearly 5-10% of annual rice production is lost due to BPH damage.

(Nugaliyadda et al., 2001)

At present, farmers mostly depend on chemical pesticides for the control of this pest.

(Kudagamage and Nugaliyadda,1995)

Host plant resistance is identified as the most effective way of BPH management. The varietal resistance is the most economic, least complicated and environmental friendly approach for the control of insect pest damages.

(Pathak and Kush, 1979)

I .ROLE IN HOST PLANT REISTANCE AGAINST BPH

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)(Homoptera: Delphacidae) is one of the most destructive monophagous insect pests of rice throughout the rice growing countries in Asia.

(Rahman et al., 2009) The BPH damages the traditional rice cultivars and

wild rice species. Out of 22wild rice species, BPH resistance has been detected only in a few species

1.O. australiensis (Ishii et al., 1994), 2.O. officinalis (Hirabayashi et al.,1998), 3.O. eichingeri (Liu et al., 2001), 4.O. latifolia (Yang et al., 2002). 5.O. minuta (Rahman et al., 2009)

No checked O. nivara accession was recorded as susceptible to the BPH indicating potential of using O. nivara as donors of BPH resistance for the future rice variety improvement program in Sri Lanka.

(Madurangi et al .,2010)

A.ACCESSIONS:

(Madurangi et al.,2010 )

(Madurangi et al.,2010 )

IRRI SCORE SYSTEM FOR RESISTANCE

MEAN DAMAGE SCORE BY DIFFERENT ACCESSIONS

(Madurangi et al.,2010 )

ACCESSIONS CHECKS

No accession is showing the susceptability to the BPH in comparison to the checks . So O. nivara considered as source for the BPH resistance

II.ROLE IN HOST PLANT RESISTANCE AGAINST BPH O. Nivara accessions WRAC 02, WRAC 04,

WRAC 07, WRAC 21 and WRAC 25 having BPH2 gene among 21 responsible for the resistance against BPH like ptb33 cultivar.

( Madurangi et al., 2013)

(Madurangi et al., 2013)

TABLE 1. ACCESSIONS

PCR AMPLIFICATION OF DNA OF THE TESTED RICE ENTRIES BY KAM 4 PRIMER FOLLOWED BY ELECTROPHORESIS IN 3 % AGAROSE GEL

Wild O. nivara accessions

Resistant cultivar (control)

(Madurangi et al., 2013)

marker:KAM 4 (F- 5’ TAACTGGTGTTAGTGCGAATGC 3’,R- 5’ AATTCACGGCATGTGAAGCCCTAG 3’),

MEAN DAMAGE SCORE - BPH

Resistant cultivar (control)

Wild O. nivara accessions

(Madurangi et al., 2013)

BIOASSAY TESTS

(Madurangi et al., 2013)

BIOASSAY TESTS

WILD Sp.

CONTROL

(Madurangi et al., 2013)

2. a.Oryza brachyantha b.Oryza rufipogon c.Oryza meridionalis A.Introduction: The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gn) is considered a minor and sporadic insect pest of rice in Pakistan. It has, however, attained the status of major pest during the last few years . Several outbreaks of the pest have been reported in Bangladesh, China, Japan, Fiji, India, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

(Wada et al., 1980 and Khan et al.,1988)

In Pakistan, this pest has multiplied enormously, with severe incidence observed during the August-September. Overall leaf infestation during the year was 25 %,reducing 30% grain yield in major rice growing areas.

(Salim et al., 1991) Changes in physical factors of environment. Cultural practices:

• Multiple cropping patterns.• Reduced genetic variability of improved high yielding cultivars

Application of high levels of nitrogenous fertilizers. • Prophylactic use of pesticides are reported to be the major

reasons of leaf folder infestation. (Khan et al., 1989)

B.Role in Host Plant Resistance against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis

Most of the tested wild species and the three cultivated varieties showed susceptibility to leaffolder. Those are O. australiensis O. alta, O. barthii, O. grandiglumis, O. glumaepatula, O. latifolia, O. longistaminata, O. nivara, O. officinalis, O. punctata and O. rhizomatis

O. brachyantha > O. rufipogon >O. meridionalis > have shown resistance to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in comparison to cultivars Bas-385 KSK-282 and IR-6 in Pakistan.

( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)

Accessions from IRGC (IRRI)

( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)

% OF INFESTATIONS

( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)

IRRI SCORING SYSTEM

( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)

3.Oryza glaberrima

African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae),appears to be the most serious insect pest of lowland and irrigated rice.

(Nwilene et al., 2006)

Orseolia oryzivora is an insect pest indigenous to Africa. (Ukwungwu and Misari1997)

Tropical Oryza glaberrima showed the highest level of resistance to AfRGM (African Rice Gall midge) attacks. The interspecific lines are showing moderate resistance while the Sativa lines are virtually susceptible to the midge attack.

( Ogah et al.,2012)

Oryza glaberrima…………….

MEAN % DAMAGE INFESTATION IN 2 DIFFERENT LOCALITIES – FIELD EXPERIMENT

( Ogah et al.,2012) Table1

O.S

ati

va

O

.gla

berr

iim

a

Inta

ers

pe

cifi

c

( Ogah et al.,2012)

Table 2

O.glaberrima shows no parasitization on gall midge by the Platygaster diplosisae compared to the interspecific and O. sativa lines.

( Ogah et al.,2012)

O.S

ati

va

O.g

lab

err

iim

aIn

taers

pe

cifi

c

( Ogah et al.,2012)

Table1

O.S

ati

va

O

.gla

berr

iim

aIn

taers

pe

cifi

c

( Ogah et al.,2012)

Table2

IN INDIA 1.Andhrapradesh2.Tamilnadu

The culture CR 2711-76 and CR 3005-230-5 are resistant to stem borer at reproductive stage during both the years (kharif 2011and kharif 2012). The culture CR 3005-77-2 was moderately resistant in both the years where as CR 3006-8-2 was moderately resistant in one year and moderately susceptible in another year.in comparison to the TN1(check) in Andhrapradesh.

(Visalakshmi et al.,2013)

1. Andhrapradesh

Yellow stem borer damage (%) in different genotypes of Rice during Kharif 2011

Table-2: Yellow stem borer damage (%) in different genotypes of Rice during Kharif 2012

RESISTANT

MEDIUM RESISTANT

MEDIUM SUSCEPTABLE

Rice varities w1263 and co 43 selected as resistant and susceptible parents respectively against rice yellow stem borer in Tamilnadu .

( Mohanakumar et al.,2003)

2.Tamilnadu

Sorghum is one of the most important food crops in a semi – arid tropics.

Origin: S.E. Africa A number of land races, wild forms found in S.E. Africa,

says the origin Ethiopia in Africa from there it spread to other parts of world.

It is grown in Africa, south and central India, China, Argentina, Australia and south and central plains

of US.

2.SORGHUM(Sorghum bicolor ) 2n = 2x = 20

(Garber,1950 )

I.The wild relatives Sorghum and Pennisetum sp. showing resistance to the Chilo partellus and decreased parasitization on the Chilo partellus when compared to the cultivated maize and sorghum.

(Setamou et al .,2004)

days

surv

ival

(Setamou et al .,2004)

Table1

(Setamou et al .,2004)

%

Table2

(Setamou et al .,2004)

Table3

(Setamou et al .,2004)

Table 4

Among the wild relatives of the sorghum heterosorghum, parasorghum and stiposorghum are showing less leaf damage score and no dead hearts formation compared to the other sorghum,Chaetosorghum relatives and cultivated checks in India (Andhrapradesh )

( Kamala et al.,2012)

( Kamala et al.,2012)

( Kamala et al.,2012)

Sorghum extans showing no oviposition compared to both parasorghum and cultivar sp.

( Kamala et al.,2012)

( Kamala et al.,2012)

The 3 wild sorghum groups like Heteropogan, Stiposorghum, and Parasorghum are showing the no adult recovery is occurred compared to cultivars

(Kamala et al.,2012)

(Kamala et al.,2012)

The SFCR 151, ICSV 705, SFCR 125, and, IS 18551 experienced lower shoot fly deadhearts at 28 days after seedling emergence, produced more number of productive tillers. The insects fed on these genotypes also exhibited longer larval period compared to on Swarna in India (Andhra pradesh.)

(Sharma et al.,2005)

SUMMARY

RICE:1.Rice variety w1263 is resistant parent for breeding to the yellow stem borer in Tamilnadu(India) ( Mohanakumar et al.,2003)2.O. brachyantha > O. rufipogon >O. meridionalis showing the resistance to the leaf folder in Pakisthan. ( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)3.Oryza glaberrima is showing resistance to the gall midge in Africa. ( Ogah et al.,2012)4.Oryza nivara is showing resistance to the BPH in Srilanka. (Madurangi et al.,2010 )5.Oryza nivara is having the BPH2 gene that is responsible for the BPH resistance in Srilanka. (Madurangi et al.,2013)6.CR 2711-76 and CR 3005-230-5 and CR 3005-77-2 are showing resistance to the yellow stem borer in AP (India) (Visalakshmi et al.,2013)

1.Wild sorghum and Napier grass showing the resistance to the Chilo Partellus compared to the cultivated maize and sorghum.

(Setamou et al .,2004)2.SFCR 151, ICSV 705, SFCR 125, and, IS 18551 are resistant to the sorghum shoot fly in Andhrapradesh. (Sharma et al.,2005)

3.Wild relatives of the sorghum Heterosorghum, Parasorghum and Stiposorghum are showing less leaf damage score and no dead hearts formation for Chilo partellus compared to the other sorghum. Chaetosorghum relatives and cultivated checks. ( Kamala et al.,2012)

Sorghum

REFERENCES

Dhillon, M.K., H.C. Sharma, Ram Singh & J.S. Naresh.2005.Mechanisms of resistance to shoot fly, Atherigona soccata in sorghum.springer.,144: 301–312

Kamala ,V ., H.C. Sharmaa . P. Bramela . D. Manohar Rao. 2012. Wild relatives as a source of genes for resistance to spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus in sorghum, Sorghum bicolor. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Madurangi S.A.P., D. Ratnasekera,S.G.J.N.Senanayake,W.L.G. Samarasinghe and P.V. Hemachandra.2010. Evaluation of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (stal) resistance in Oryza nivara wild rice accessions found in Srilanka. Proceedings of the 15th International Forestry and Environment Symposium.

Madurangi, S.A.P ., W.L.G. Samarasinghe and S.G.J.N. Senanayake. 2011. Resistance of Oryza nivara and Oryza eichingeri derived lines to brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal).. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 39 (2): 175-181.

Madurangi ,S.A.P., Disna Ratnasekera, S.G.J.N. Senanayake, W.L.G. Samarasinghe and P.V. Hemachandra.2013.Antixenosis and antibiosis effects of Oryza nivara accessions harbouring BPH2 gene on brown planthopper [Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)]. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka , 41(2):147-154.

References………….

Mehar Ali Shah, Syed ., Hidayat-ur-Rahman, Abdul Rehman, Fida Muhammad Abassi, Ifthikhar Hussain Khalil and Asad Ali.2008 .Characterization of wild rice species in response to leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 24, No.1

Ogah, E.O., J.A. Odebiyi ,A.A. Omoloye and F.E. Nwilene.2012.Evaluation of some rice genotypes for incidence of African Rice Gallmidge and its parasitoid (p. Diplosisae ). African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 137 – 147.

Setamou,Mamoudou ., Nanqing Jianga and Fritz Schulthess. 2005. Effect of the host plant on the survivorship of parasitizedChilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvaeand performance of its larval parasitoid Cotesia Xavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biological Control 32,183–190.

Visalakshmi, V., N. Hari Satyanarayna, Jyothula D. P. B, M. R. B. Raju, and K. V. Ramana Murthy.2013.Screening of rice germplasm for resistance to yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas walker. International journal of plant animal and environmental sciences., vol-4 ,issue no.1

References………….

Thanks alot

Presented by s.srinivasNaik