history of the armed forces of the philippines
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History of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
PRESENTED BY:EUGENE JAVILLONAR & DANA
BUNAG
I. Pre-Colonial Period
Barangays
Settlements during the 16th century before Spaniards arrived
Each Barangay had their own armed forces• Not a national armed
forces• Naturally organized
Fighting considered very important• Honourable Profession
II. Spanish Colonial Period
Arrival of the Spanish Forces tested the early “armed forces”
300 Years of Spanish
Occupation:- Spain’s Governors in the Island were
Professional Soldiers
Spanish Military personal were so
few;They relied on
Native Levies to maintain order
1830’s of the Spanish PeriodSoldiers gained influence
• Fears that other powers might seize the colony
• Declining power of the Monarchy and the Church
• Military governments were established in different provinces in the Luzon and the Visayas
• 70%-75% of revenue consumed by the Army and Navy
• Colonial Officials were active-duty army officers
Administered major islands in the Philippines.
NavyFunctioned as civilian construction unit and medical corps assisted in civil health.
ArmySole military force to maintain law and order in the country side.Gained political power.Included few Filipinos.Consulted by the central Gov’t on key national issues.
Guardia Civil
Spanish Forces
Revolts and Uprisings During Spanish Colonial Period
• Led by former political chieftains and religious heads
• Oppositions to economic and religious institutions
• Land Problems
Types (Agoncill
o)• *in Mindanao, Sulu and Mountain
Provinces• Never conquered nor colonized by the
Spaniards• Because:
• Islamic Ideology• Sultanate Structure
Muslims Filipinos
Philippine Revolution Phase 1: Katipunan• Originally formed as a
secret society, a revolutionary under ground organization organized by BONIFACIO
Transformed into a Military Organization• Civilians who didn’t have
training• No central HQ, although
there were war plans and provisions
• Officers and men were volunteers
Drawbacks
• Few of the leaders had tactical and strategic expertise
• Military organization was loose• No adequate sources of arms and ammunition
• Artillery was crude absence of general HQ let to difficulty in command
• Factionalism
Tejeros Convention• Magdalo and Magdiwang
factions• AFP dates the
establishment of the Philippine Army
• Aguinaldo assumed leadership
Biak na Bato Republic• Reorganized forces• Sandatahans (bolo
Battalions)• Guerrilla tactics• Army became known as
the Army of Liberation
Truce of Biak na Bato• Aguinaldo and men left
for HK• P800,000 to be paid to
the revolutionists in 3 instalments
• P1,700,000 for those who stayed behind to the victims
• *FAILED
April 1898
May 1, 1898
May 19, 1898
June 12, 1898
June 23, 1898
• Spanish American war
• Battle of Manila
• Return of Aguinaldo to the Philippines
• Declaration of Independence from Spain
• Revolutionary Gov’t established with a Dept. of War and Public Works
Philippine Revolution Phase 2
Organizing and Modernizing• July 30
• Decree issued for setting down organizational rules for the army
• First law organizing the army to determine:
• Organiztion• Composition• Basic Regulations
ARMY
• Biak na Bato had a provision for the creation of the Navy to protect coasts
• June 23 Decree created Bureau of Navy under the Sec. of Foreign Affairs
• Navy was eventually placed under the War Dept.
NAVY
• Oct. 25, 1988, Aguinaldo established this in Malolos Bulacan
• Mission: for technical training of all officers in the active service
• Deactivated in Jan. 20 1899 due to Phil-Am War
• Reincarnated as the PMA
Academia Militar
Dec. 10,
1898
• Treaty of Paris• Philippines was
transferred under the Americans
Dec. 21,
1898
• Pres. McKinley officially proclaimed the Philippines under American Control
• Establishing a military government under Gen Otis• Benevolent Assimilation
Feb. 4, 1899
• Outbreak of Phil-Am War• San Juan Bridge Incident
• Conventional Phase (Feb-Nov)• Guerrilla (Nov 1899 -…)
March 23,
1901
• Aguinaldo captured• End of war depending on
among historians and provinces
III. Philippine-American War/American Period
American Colonial Period• Initial years were headed
by a military gov’t• Even with civilian gov’t,
military institutions and personnel remained important in the colony
• Lt. Matthey Batson proposed the recruitment of the Filipinos to assist the US Army
Philippine
Scouts
• First Filipino Military Contingent created by the Americans (not a military unit)
• Feb 1901: PS formally became a unit of the US Army• To be paid as soldiers below that of US
servicemen
Philippine
Constabula
ry
• Insular Police force created to enforce laws such as the Brigandage Act, Sedition Act, and Flag Law
Philippine National
Guard
• First official Filipino force during the American period that was formally organized by Filipinos
• Patterned after the US National Guard• Creation was Temporary
Tension Between PC and PS- PC proved to be
inadequate to cope, so PS assisted
- Overlapping tasks sometimes but they report to different authorities- PS: US War Dept.- PC: Civil
Government
Campaign For Independence
Justification of US occupation• Philippine might become vulnerable to Japan
Philippine Independence Mission• All failed except OsRox Mission
• Hare-Hawes Cutting Bill• Tydings-McDuffie Bill giving rise to the
Commonwealth Gov’t (Quezon’s Bill)
IV. Commonwealth Period
New Developments
• Strengthening Military at the expense of the civilian sector
• Perceived threat from Japan• Peasant rebellions and unrest• Quezon’s authoritarian style of leadership• Assumed all command of armed forces
Philippine Constitution of
1935
• Declared all citizens liable for personal military or civil service in defence of the state
National Defence Act of
1935
• Drafted with the help of Gen. Douglas McArthur
Philippine Army established in January 1936
Small Regular Force, PC as nucleus, with a reserved force to be trained
Created 10,000-man Philippine Army
Mandated a defense build-up
Impact on the military role in polity
V. The “New Republic” 1945-1950/ 1946 Presidential elections
Osmena vs. Roxas
Roxas• As the first president of the post war republic
Armed forces• Supported Roxas• Roxas was favoured candidate of the US Army
The Armed Forces & the Secretary of National Defense
• The Armed Forces as the more powerful and influential Phil. Institution than the Sec. of National Defense
1945-1950
Commonwealth
Insubordinate
Sec. Kangleon
VI. The Magsaysay Era
Sep. 1 1950• Assumed post
as Sec. of National Defense
1953• Magsaysay
resigned• Won as
President against Quirino
1950-1957
Role Expansion of the Armed Forces
VII. 1957-1965: The Return to the Barracks
Decline
Post-Magsaysay; decline in military influenceMilitary excluded from the inner counsels
Indicators
Decline in military personnel strengthCivic action role was trimmedForce was focused towards the Huk formationsLeadership Reshuffled
FactorsGarcia – political representatives of the land-based oligarchyGroups saw the AFP as a dangerAFP close to the USGarcia and Macapagal were never soldiers Diminished insurgent threatEthnic
VIII. The Road to Martial Law
The Marcos Presidency 1966-1972
After Marcos was inaugurated, the AFP
played a salient role in state and society
Indicators• AFP as Partisan Politics• Major growth in size• Dramatic expansion of military civic
programs
Factors• Marcos: Decorated soldier• Resurgence of communist insurgence
threats• Strong leadership of Marcos
IX. Martial Law Period
New Societ
y
Plaza BombingDefense Sec. Enrile attack
Final Push that made
Marcos Declare
Martial Law
Martial
Law
AFP as the guarantorConsulted with 12
officersExpanded Role of AFP
Decline and Fall
Several Factors:- Decline of
Economy- CPP-NPA and
MNLF regained strength
- Influence of the church
- RAM
X. Back to Democracy: Aquino Administration
AFP as a stumbling
Block
• RAM – not pro democracy
• Civil Military Frictions
• Coup Attempts• AFP enraged
Re-establishin
g Democratic political Institution• Diverse
Ideologies
Became hard to venture in economic reforms because
of the different intersts
XI. Post Democratization: Ramos-Arroyo Administration
Ramos• Ramos: former chief of staff• Secured AFP’s loyalty• In his Gov’t many top military
brass
Estrada• Constant rumours of
corruption• Senate Impeachment Trial
• EDSA clone• Resignation• AFP withdrew support
Arroyo• Accused of corruption and
Electoral Fraud• Coup Attempts
• Oakwood Mutiny• 2006 Lim and Querubin
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