history final exam study guide - ancient history
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7/29/2019 History Final Exam Study Guide - Ancient History
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History Final Exam Study Guide
Attila - leader of the Huns in the mid-400's; launched
an attack on Gaul in A.D.451, where he was defeated by
an army of Romans and Visigoths.
Ptolemy - Roman astronomer; developed a system of
astronomy and geography (the Ptolemaic system) based on
the belief that the sun, the planets, and the stars
revolved around the earth.
Pompey - part of the First Triumvirate, along with
Caesar and Crassus; was made sole consul in 52 B.C.;
went to war with Caesar when Caesar crossed theRubicon, declaring war.
Cleopatra - put on the throne by Caesar; "power-
hungry"; later sided with Antony (who was part of the
Second Triumvirate), which led to her committing
suicide to prevent humiliation.
Paul - played a large role in spreading Christianity;
founded churches throughout the eastern Mediterranean.
Hannibal - Carthaginian general who assembled a huge
army (for the Second Punic War) that included foot
soldiers, horse soldiers, and elephants; was defeated
by Scipio in 202 B.C.
Jesus - begun teaching around A.D. 27 using parables
and miracles; Romans feared that he would lead an
uprising, so they had him crucified (nailed to a cross
and left to die); he arose from the dead and remained
on Earth for 40 more days.
The Gracchi (Tiberius and Gaius) - were popular among
the plebeians in Rome due to the fact that they
supported distributing land among the poor.
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Augustus Caesar - first emperor of the Roman Empire;
was part of the Second Triumvirate, then beat out
Antony and Lepidus for the top spot.
Julius Caesar - part of the First Triumvirate (along
with Pompey and Crassus); made dictator for life in 44
B.C., and was murdered that same year (Ides of March).
Constantine - won civil war and became sole emperor in
A.D. 324; supported Christianity; died in A.D.337, but
the empire was stable for about 50 more years
Julio-Claudian Emperors - first five Roman emperors:
Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero
Cincinnatus - served as consul in 460 B.C. and dictator
in 458 B.C.; famous for his simplicity and for
returning to his farm after serving as dictator.
Nero - last of the Julio-Claudian Emperors; accused of
starting the "great fire" so he could build his palace.
Sulla - elected consul in 88 B.C.
Cicero - statesman; good speaker
Theodosius - last emperor to rule both the eastern and
western sides of Rome.
Caligula - third Julio-Claudian Emperor; ruled from age
37 to 41.
Plebeians - lower class; poor
Patricians - higher class; rich; more involved inpolitics
Vandals - invaded Rome in A.D. 455; leads to today's
use of the word meaning "terror and destruction"
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Etruscans - in the area corresponding roughly to
Tuscany
Consul - highest elected office of the Roman Republic
Diocletian - made emperor in A.D.284; he appointed a
co-emperor and two assistants; he ruled the east, and
his co-emperor ruled the west; under whom government
controlled almost every aspect of life.
Martyrs - someone who suffers death for refusing to
renounce a belief or cause, usually religious
Shi Huang Di - first emperor of China
Homer - Greek poet; author of the Iliad and the Odyssey
Pericles - Greek statesman, orator, and general of
Athens during the city's "Golden Age"
Archimedes - Hellenistic Period; calculated the value
of pi
Darius I - Persian ruler, who expanded Persian rule;
invaded Greece in the 400s B.C. but failed to conquer
it.
Confucius - leading philosopher of the Zhou era; lived
from 551 B.C. to 479 B.C.; ideas and teachings are
collected in the Analects, and his teachings later
became known as Confucianism.
Laozi - founded Daoism
Cleisthenes - seized power in Athens in about 507 B.C.and turned it into a democracy
Plato - recorded Socrates' ideas; founded the Academy,
which was a special school in Athens for teaching
philosophy.
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Sophocles - wrote Greek tragedies; Oedipus Rex
Socrates - the Socratic Method (students should be
trained to think for themselves)
Pythagoras - Pythagorean theorem (a2+b2=c2)
Phillip II - became kind in 359 B.C. (Macedon).
Aristotle - student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the
Great; a Greek philosopher
Aristophanes - known for sharp wit in his comedies;
wrote "Clouds"
Phidias - Greek sculptor, painter, and architect
Hippocrates - wrote between 60 and 70 medical studies
based on observation, experiment, and experience.
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