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Unit 1 Conflict and Challenge – The World of 1919 Test Review
Written Response
Question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles satisfy each of the Big Three leaders?
Objectives Satisfied Not Satisfied
Wilson League of Nations
established
self-determination in Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia)
disarmament (military restrictions)
most of the Fourteen Points were ignored or rejected
only the defeated powers were disarmed
Britain refused to accept freedom of seas
Britain, France, Belgium refused to allow self-determination to their colonies
Anschluss was denied
Senate refused to accept the treaty or join the League of Nations
Fourteen Points
did not want to cripple Germany
Clemenceau Article 231
disarmament (military restrictions)
Alsace-Lorraine returned
received German colonies
received Saar coalfields for only 15 years
Rhineland only demilitarized not an independent country
reparations not high enough
national security
reparations
Lloyd George reduction of the
German navy
received German colonies
did not support League of Nations
opposed self-determination
reparations too high
security of sea lanes to its empire
did not want to cripple Germany
Question: Explain the reasons for the failure of the League of Nations.
Reason Explanation
incomplete membership
U.S. absence weakened effectiveness of economic sanctions against aggressors since the aggressor nation can obtain supplies from the U.S (ex. Italian invasion of Ethiopia)
U.S. absence left Britain and France as the only major powers in the League but they preferred direct negotiations between states and refused to place their affairs in the hand of an impotent organization
Germany and USSR were not original members of the League impairing its ability
lack of power and enforcement
the League had no adequate means to enforce its will on offenders as it did not have an army
although it had the power to impose economic sanctions if often lacked the will to do so
structure of the League
the decisions of the Assembly had to be unanimous which was difficult to achieve and paralyzed the League
the members of the Council were able to veto League action thus preventing it from doing anything
Depression the Depression made countries try to get more land and power
countries did not want to impose sanctions and further reduce trade during the economic crisis
nationalism large countries were unwilling to be told what to do by larger countries and Japan, Italy and Germany still viewed war as means of national advancement
attitude of members towards League
the major powers did not take the League seriously and undermined its effectiveness; Italy and Japan betrayed the League and Britain and France did not do enough to make it work
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Question: Explain the factors that contributed to the November 1917 Revolution in Russia.
Factor Explanation
Provisional Government problems
the war, land reform, divisions with the government and challenge to its authority from the Petrograd Soviet created problems for the Provisional Government and weakened it
economic conditions
economic conditions had not improved (inflation and food shortages) since the March Revolution and were even worse
Petrograd Soviet the Petrograd Soviet passed Order Number 1 which stated soldiers should not take orders from officers but rather regiment committees
Lenin demanded “All Power to the Soviets” the Bolsheviks won control of the Petrograd Soviet
after the Kornilov Affair
Red Guards a private Bolshevik army dedicated to the revolution was established and gave the Bolsheviks the military power to overthrow the Provisional Government
Lenin Lenin was an effective leader, determined; he was ruthless, brilliant speaker and good planner
April Thesis “Peace, Bread, and Land” appealed to many people who were impatient for change
Kornilov Affair the Bolshevik Red Guards (Petrograd Soviet) demonstrated their power when they prevented Kornilov’s attempted coup
the army lost credibility the right wing factions felt Kornilov was betrayed
while the left wing faction felt the government plotted to destroy them and the subsequent split in the Duma was the turning point in the left-right wing dispute
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