histo - male repro sys
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Introduction
The male reproductive system consists of
a pair of testes
numerous excurrent ducts different accessory glands that produce a
variety of secretions
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Testis
A thick connective tissue capsule, the tunica
albuginea, surrounds each testis.
Posteriorly, the tunica albuginea thickens and
extends inward into each testis to form the
mediastinum testis
There is a vascular layer deep to Tunica Albuginea,
that is Tunica vasculosa
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The capsule sends incomplete septa inwards, dividingthe testis into compartments or lobules (250 innumber)
Each lobule contains 1-4 convoluted, seminiferoustubules.
Seminiferous tubule consist of
an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue,
several layers of fibroblasts the inner layer of whichcalled myoid cells,
a well defined basal lamina
multilayered epithelial cells of germ cells and supportingcells.
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Germinal or Seminiferous Epithelium
Seminiferous epithelium consists of layers ofgerminal cells at different stages of spermatogenesis.
The outer cells, next to the basal lamina are termedspermatogonium, are relatively small cells. They
have the ability of proliferation by mitosis. The newly formed cells can follow one of two paths:
Type A spermatogonia: continue as stem cells
Type B spermatogonia: these are progenitor cells that
give rise to Primary spermatocytes
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Primary spermatocytes are large cells. They enter the
first meiotic division, giving rise to smaller daughter
cells, the secondary spermatocytes, which are
located deeper, and difficult to observe because theyundergo the second meiotic division within short
period, to produce spermatids.
Spermatids at early stages of their formation, are
small, rounded cells with dark nuclei, located close to
the lumen.
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Spermiogenesis
The process by which the spermatids are transformed intospermatozoa is termed Spermiogenesis:
Formation of acrosome.
Condensation and elongation of nucleus.
Development of flagellum.
Loss of much of the cytoplasm
Morphological changes;
formation of head , neck, middle piece and the tail
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Sertoli cells
These are tall, columnar cells, with basally located
oval nucleus.
The cytoplasm contains crystalloid inclusions, and
well developed Golgi complex The lateral membranes of adjacent Sertoli cells form
occluding junctions, thus the wall of seminiferous
tubule is subdivided into the basal compartment and
adluminal compartment . The zonulae occludens
establish blood-testis barrier.
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Functions of Sertoli cells
Physical and nutritional support
Phagocytosis
Establish blood-testis barrier
Synthesis of androgen-binding protein Synthesis of mullarian inhibitory factor during
embryonic stages.
Synthesis of inhibin
Secretion of fructose-rich fluid
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Interstitial tissue
The spaces between the seminiferous tubulesare filled with connective tissue, nerves, bloodand lymphatic vessels.
An additional type of cells is more obviousduring puberty, these are interstitial cells ofLeydig. They are spherical or polyhedral inshape and have central nuclei and esinophiliccytoplasm, These cells synthesizetestosterone.
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BloodTestis Barrier
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GENITAL DUCTS
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Genital ducts
Rete testis, lined by cuboidal epithelium
Ductuli efferentes, are lined by epithelium in which a
group of cuboidal non-ciliated, is alternating with a
group of ciliated cells. The cilia beat in the directionof epididymis.
Epididymis: It is lined by pseudostratified columnar
epithelium with basal cells. The epithelium is resting
on basal lamina and surrounded smooth muscle
cells.
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Epididymis
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Ductus (vas) Deferens
It is a straight tube, with thick muscular wall.
The mucosa forms longitudinal folds
It lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with
stereocilia The lamina propria is rich in elastic tissue
The muscular layer consists of inner longitudinal,middle circular, and outer longitudinal layers.
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ACCESSORY GLANDS
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Paired seminal vesicles
Paired bulbourethral glands
A single prostate gland
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Seminal Vesicles
These are two highly tortuous tubes.
Located posterior to the bladder and superior to the prostate
gland.
The excretory duct of each seminal vesicle joins the dilated
terminal part of each vas deferens, the ampulla, to form the
ejaculatory ducts.
The ejaculatory ducts enter and continue through the
prostate gland to open into the prostatic urethra
The seminal vesicle has folded mucosa, that is lined with
cuboidal or pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The cells
are rich in secretory granules.
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Prostate
It is a large accessory male genital gland that surrounds theproximal part of prostatic urethra.
It has 3 zones:
central zone
transitional zone peripheral zone.
The cells of the gland are cuboidal or pseudostratifiedcolumnar epithelium.
Most of the prostate gland consists of small, branched
tubuloacinar prostatic glands
There stromal tissue in between the glandular epithelium thatis rich in smooth muscle cells.
The lumens of the glands may contain Prostatic concretions
(corpora amylacea)
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A transitional epithelium lines the lumen of
the crescent-shaped prostatic urethra.
A longitudinal urethral crest of dense
fibromuscular stroma without glands widens
in the prostatic urethra to form a smooth
domelike structure called the colliculus
seminalis.
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Bulbourethral glands (Cowpers glands)
3-5 cm in diameter
Tubuloalveolar
Lined by simple cuboidal or simple columnar
epithelium
Secretion contains galactose
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Penis
The main components of the penis are 3 cylindrical masses oferectile tissue: corpora cavernosa, placed dorsally, and corpusspongiosum, located ventrally.
The penile urethra is within the corpus spongiosum
Most of the penile urethra is lined with pseudostratified
columnar epithelium. The distal end is lined with stratifiedsquamous epithelium
There are mucous-secreting glands (of Littre), that open intothe urethra.
Corpora cavernosa are covered by dense connective tissue,
tunica albugenia. The spaces in the corpus cavernosa, arevenous spaces and line with endothelial cells
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